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Transcript
Name: Class: Topic 2.2: Prokaryotic Cells 2.2.1: Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escheriscia Coli (E. Coli) as an example of a prokaryote. Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. 2.2.3: Identify structures from 2.2.1 in electron micrographs of E. Coli. 2.2.4: State that bacteria divide by binary fission 1. This is an electron micrograph of the bacterium Salmonella typhi. a. What is the maximum length of the main body of the cell? 2 μm b. What are the name and function of this structure? Flagellum – responsible for propulsion and motility c. S typhi and E. coli are examples of prokaryotes. What does the term ‘prokaryote’ literally mean? From the Greek pro – (before) and karyote – kernel/nut – Means’before nucleus’ 2. In the space below, draw and label (with names and functions), the structure of a generalized prokaryote cell. Include cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, flagella, nucleoid (naked DNA), ribosomes and a scale bar. 3. . In the table below, compare prokaryote and eukaryote cells. Prokaryote DNA in a ring form without protein attached DNA free in cytoplasm (nucleoid region) and also Eukaryote DNA is combined with histone proteins as chromatids/chromosomes small fragments as plasmids DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope No mitochondria Mitochondria present 70 S ribosomes, primitive 80 S ribosomes no internal compartmentalisations internal endomembrane system and < 10 μm compartmentalization into organelles > 10 μm Eukaryotic Cell Structure Syllabus States: Eukaryotic Cells 2.3.1 2.3.2 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell. Annotate the diagram from 2.3.1 with the functions of each named structure Cell Part & Picture Description of Function Is like… Mitochondria are the organelles A power plant (organelle means “little organ) that convert energy from one form to another. It is enclosed by two membranes (inner and outer). All of the folds (called cristae) of the inner membrane increase the surface area so the mitochondria can make more ATP (ATP is adenosine triphosphate –a form of cellular energy). (Campbell et. al, 59) Nucleus Isolated region containing DNA. Dark region called the nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis, where molecules of the ribosome are manufactured before passing into the cytoplasm for assembly. Endomembrane System This is a communicating system of membrane-bound structures within the cell, consisting of: The nuclear envelope The ER Lysosomes Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Vesicles Mitochondria and chloroplasts are Not considered part of the endomembrane system Rough ER Responsible for protein synthesis and transport tin concert with ribosomes. Located close to the nucleus Control tower – White House Smooth ER Extensive network of tubules and channels, involved in transport of materials throughout the internal region of the cell. Smooth ER has unique enzymes embedded in its surface, and is responsible for: Synthesis of membrane lipids and phospholipids Production of steroid hormones Detoxification of drugs in the liver Storage of calcium ions Transportation of lipid-based compounds Assists the liver in release of glucose into the circulation Golgi Apparatus/Body Consists of flattened sacs called cisternae; packages, modifies and distributes materials synthesized within the cell. Particularly prevalent in glandular cells with secretory function. Lysosome Membrane bound sacs containing up to 40 different hydrolytic enzymes, which break down macromolecules and also digest old or damaged organelles. Also digest material internalized through phagocytosis Acidic interior environment Vacuole (include both how it works in plants and in protists) Storage organelles synthesized by the Golgi apparatus. Occupy a large space in plant cells and can store numerous susbstances, including potential food, metabolic wastes and toxins, and water. Vacuoles anable plant cells to maintain high surface area to volume rations even at large cell size, and allow plant cells to maintain rigidity. Chloroplast Found only in algae and plant cells. Contains a double membrane; same size as a bacterial cell and contains its own DNA (in ring form) and 70S ribosomes. Interior contains grana, thylakoids and stroma, responsible for photosynthesis Cytoskeleton Cilia & Flagella 4. . With the aid of labelled diagrams, compare the structures of plant and animal cells. Include annotations on the functions of each organelle. LInk here for hyperlinked versions of these images 5. Extracellular components are materials or structures which extend beyond the plasma membrane. Outline the role of an extracellular component in a plant cell and an animal cell. Plant: Cell Wall: composed of cellulose, maintinas cell shape, regulates water uptake and helps to support the plant’s upright position. Animal: Flagellae (rare in animal cels – sperm cells) Extracellular matrix – composed of collage fibres plus a combination of sgars and proteons called glycoproteins, which form fibre-like structures which anchor the matrix to the plasma membrane and help it to attach to adjacent cells. ECM has many important functions o Cell-cell interaction o Influences gene expression o Co-ordinates co-ordinated cell action within tissue o May direct stem cells to differentiate o Influences cell migration and movement 23. State three differences between plant and animal cells. PLANT Celullose cell wall Chloroplasts Large central vacuole Carbohydrates stored as starch No centrioles within centrosome Fixed, angular shape ANIMAL No cell wall, only cell membrane No chloroplasts vacuoles small or absent Carbohydrates stored as glycogen Contain centrioles within centrosome