* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Types of RNA
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Name: Biology Final Study Guide Scientific Method: Homer notices that his shower is covered in What was the initial observation? a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower with Identify the: coconut juice. He sprays the other half of Control Group the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the Independent Variable appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. Dependent Variable What should Homer's conclusion be? Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment. Describe how Lisa would perform this experiment. Identify the control group, and the independent and dependent variables in your description. Organization of Living Things: Place the following in correct order from smallest to greatest: Atom Biosphere molecule ecosystem Multi-celled organism organ system cell community tissue population 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Review the 7 Characteristics of Life: G O R A C E R Parts of an Atom Draw a line from the word to the correct definition: Nucleus Positively charged Protons Center of the atom; has protons and neutrons inside Electrons neutral Neutrons Negatively charged organ Chemical bonds join atoms to one another. Ionic bond Covalent bond Fill in the blanks with the correct type of bond: 1. A _______________________ is a chemical bond that occurs when an atom transfers an electron to another atom. 2. These form when two atoms share electrons and each atom is left with a complete outer shell. It forms between two non metals. . ____________________________ Chemical Equations Label the reactant and the product in the following chemical equation: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Organic Chemistry _____ Monomer _____ Polymer _____ Macromolecule List the 4 categories of macromolecules: A. Molecules formed by linking 2 or more monomers B. A small building block C. Molecules containing thousands of monomers linked by a covalent bond (Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids) 1. ______________________________ - Compounds made of sugar molecules (saccharides) 2. ______________________________ - Stores energy for long term use. Includes Fats, phospholipids , waxes, and steroids 3. ______________________________ - Long polymers of which amino acids are connected together by peptide bonds. 4. ______________________________ - composed of chains of nucleotides which will form proteins *Enzymes are special proteins that coordinate the cell’s activities. All enzymes are proteins; all proteins are not enzymes. Using a microscope: Put the following steps in the correct order: _______You should be able to change to the next objective lenses with only slight focusing adjustment. Use the fine adjustment, if available. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 4 through 7 with the higher power objective lens in place. DO NOT ALLOW THE LENS TO TOUCH THE SLIDE! _______Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power objective lens is "clicked" into position. ________ Move the microscope slide around so that the image is in the center of the field of view and readjust the mirror, illuminator or diaphragm for the clearest image. ________Using the coarse adjustment, lower the objective lens down as far as it will go without touching the slide! Note: Look at the slide and lens from the side when doing this (see Figure 2). ________Look through the eyepiece and adjust the illuminator (or mirror) and diaphragm (Figure 3) for the greatest amount of light. _________When finished, raise the tube, click the low power lens into position and remove the slide. _______Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. You can push down on the back end of the stage clip to open it. If the eyepiece magnification is 10 and the objective lens magnification is 4, what is the total magnification? ______________ If the eyepiece magnification is 10 and the objective lens magnification is 40, what is the total magnification? ______________ Cells Match the cell organelle with its correct function. mitochondria contains water and dissolved minerals ribosomes controls entry into and out of cell Cell membrane "powerhouse" of cell vacuoles food for plant cells is made here chloroplast where proteins are made Diffusion and Osmosis Label the following : Diffusion, Osmosis, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic: Diffusion The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space – it is called equilibrium The difference in concentration Cannot occur unless a substance is in higher concentration in one region than it is in another. of a substance across space is called a concentration gradient. Osmosis The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Isotonic: If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the water will move back and forth, but it won’t have any result on the overall amount of water on either side. Hypotonic: A solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower than the concentration inside the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, osmosis will cause water to move through the plasma membrane into the cell. The cell will gain water and grow larger. Molecules diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (with the gradient) Hypertonic: A solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is higher than the concentration inside the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, osmosis will cause water to leave the cell. Photosynthesis Equation for photosynthesis: 6H2O + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Place the events in the correct Reaction Phase: Absorbs sunlight Occurs in the stroma Glucose is made ATP and NADPH used as energy Oxygen is produced Water splits NADP is converted to NADPH ATP is made Light Dependent Reactions 6H2O + 6CO2 Calvin Cycle(Light Independent Reactions) C6H12O6 + 6O2 What’s missing in this equation for photosynthesis: Fill in the blanks. ____ H2O + 6 ____ C_ H__ O_ + 6 ___ Photosynthesis Energy Source Function Location Reactants Products Equation Fill in the missing boxes with the correct information from below To make 02 + glucose and sustain life C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Chloroplast 6H2O + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Sun 6H2O + 6 CO2 WORD BANK 1 ATP 6H2O 2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP 6 NADH 1 FADH2 Electron transport chain Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Fermentation Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Lactic acid Kreb's Cycle Mitosis / Meiosis A) Write the names of the stages of mitosis for each diagram below: a) b) c) d) B) What should be the correct order for the diagrams? C) Identify the following terms in the diagrams above: centriole, centromere, spindle fiber, sister chromatid Mitosis Meiosis Results in 2 diploid cells Results in 4 haploid cells Occurs in all dividing body cells Occurs in cells found in sex organs Results in identical cells Due to crossing over, results in offspring that are not identical During metaphase homologous chromosomes line-up single file During metaphase I homologous pairs line-up side by side WHEN THINGS GO WRONG: a) If chromosomes fail to separate this is called non-disjunction. DNA and Replication The structure of DNA is described as a double helix because it looks like a twisted ladder. Because it is a nucleic acid , it is made out of many smaller nucleotides linked together. Fill in the following chart on the structure of DNA: Ladder Sides Nucleotides are made of: Which are connected by: (name bond type) (sugar) Ladder Rungs Fill in the complementary half of the following DNA strand: side 1 AGATTCGAGT side 2 DNA Replication Fill in the blanks with the missing words from the box. Interphase helicase two nucleotides DNA polymerase parent DNA replication is the cell’s process of making a copy of its DNA during ___________________, right before it enters mitosis. This way when the cell splits in two, both new cells have the right amount of DNA. Fill in the blanks to the steps of DNA replication: 1. DNA replication begins with the enzyme_______________________, which unzips the DNA helix. 2. Complementary ______________________are added to both sides of the open DNA in opposite directions using the enzyme _____________________. This enzyme also has the job of proof-reading. 3. The final result is______________ (#) helices, each containing a ______________strand and a complementary/daughter strand. RNA and Protein Synthesis CENTRAL DOGMA: DNA RNA PROTEIN The Structure of RNA RNA is another type of nucleic acid. Like DNA, it is made of a long chain of nucleotides. However, there are 3 main differences between RNA and DNA. Fill in the differences between RNA and DNA. RNA Sugar is ribose stranded Nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil DNA Sugar is Double-stranded (ladder with two sides) Nitrogen bases are Types of RNA There are 3 main types of RNA that help with making protein. Fill in the missing type of RNA and functions. Type of RNA Function messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Makes up part of the ribosome, which is where proteins are made. transfer RNA (tRNA) Places amino acid in the order dictated by the mRNA codon. amino acid cytoplasm nucleus RNA polymerase Transcription DNA RNA Transcription is the process of making an RNA strand that complements one side of the original DNA strand. This happens inside the____________________ of a cell, where DNA is located. Fill in the blanks to the steps of transcription: The enzyme _____________________________is needed for the process of transcription. This Finish the RNA strand that would complement the following DNA strand: DNA strand CGTACCGATTAG mRNA strand The Genetic Code The mRNA strand is a code that’s read 3 nitrogen bases at a time. This set of 3 nitrogen bases is known as a _____________________. Each codon matches a specific _______________________. Translation RNA DNA Translation is the process of using the new mRNA as instructions to show which order the amino acids should go in. This happens in the ______________________of the cell. The order of the amino acids determines the type of protein that is made! Fill in the description of translation below using the diagram above: A.______________________________ B._____________________________ C.______________________________ D._____________________________ E.______________________________ F._____________________________ G._____________________________ pGlo Lab: Be familiar with the lab! Genetics The trait you are looking at is the gene that codes for a short big toe in humans. T represents the dominant allele (short big toe), t is the recessive allele, long big toe. The following genotypes are possible. Fill in the phenotypes for them Genotype Phenotype (description) TT Tt tt PREDICTED RATIO Use a Punnet Square to predict the ratio of offspring in a cross where the parents are both Tt (The Square is set up for you below) (Non-mendelian monohybrid crosses) Answer the following questions. Provide a punnett square to support your answers where indicated. Express probabilities as percentages. For instance, a probability of one chance in ten would be 10%. 1. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance: 2. In some chickens, the gene for feather color is controlled by codominance. The allele for black is B and the allele for white is W. The heterozygous phenotype is known as erminette. a. What is the genotype for black chickens? ____ b. What is the genotype for white chickens? ____ c. What is the genotype for erminette chickens? ____ 3. If two erminette chickens were crossed, what is the probability that: a. They would have a black chick? ____% b. They would have a white chick? ____% Parents: ____ X ____ 4. A black chicken and a white chicken are crossed. What is the probability that they will have erminette chicks? ____% Parents: ____ X ____