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Biology Final Study Guide
Scientific Method:
Homer notices that his shower is covered in What was the initial observation?
a strange green slime. His friend Barney
tells him that coconut juice will get rid of
the green slime. Homer decides to check
this out by spraying half of the shower with Identify the:
coconut juice. He sprays the other half of
Control Group
the shower with water. After 3 days of
"treatment" there is no change in the
Independent Variable
appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower.
Dependent Variable
What should Homer's conclusion be?
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is
to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is
a commercial hair product) affect the speed of
hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer
for the experiment.
Describe how Lisa would perform this
experiment. Identify the control group,
and the independent and dependent
variables in your description.
Organization of Living Things:
Place the following in correct order from smallest to greatest:
Atom Biosphere
molecule
ecosystem
Multi-celled organism
organ system
cell
community
tissue population
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Review the 7 Characteristics of Life: G O R A C E R
Parts of an Atom
Draw a line from the word to the correct definition:
Nucleus
Positively charged
Protons
Center of the atom; has protons and
neutrons inside
Electrons
neutral
Neutrons
Negatively charged
organ
Chemical bonds join atoms to one another.
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Fill in the blanks with the correct type of bond:
1. A _______________________ is a chemical bond that occurs when an atom transfers an electron to
another atom.
2. These form when two atoms share electrons and each atom is left with a complete outer shell. It
forms between two non metals. . ____________________________
Chemical Equations
Label the reactant and the product in the following chemical equation:
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
Organic Chemistry
_____ Monomer
_____ Polymer
_____ Macromolecule
List the 4 categories of macromolecules:
A. Molecules formed by linking 2 or more monomers
B. A small building block
C. Molecules containing thousands of monomers linked
by a covalent bond
(Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids)
1. ______________________________ - Compounds made of sugar molecules (saccharides)
2. ______________________________ - Stores energy for long term use. Includes Fats, phospholipids ,
waxes, and steroids
3. ______________________________ - Long polymers of which amino acids are connected together
by peptide bonds.
4. ______________________________ - composed of chains of nucleotides which will form proteins
*Enzymes are special proteins that coordinate the cell’s activities. All enzymes are proteins; all proteins are
not enzymes.
Using a microscope:
Put the following steps in the correct order:
_______You should be able to change to the next objective lenses with only slight focusing adjustment. Use
the fine adjustment, if available. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 4 through 7 with the
higher power objective lens in place. DO NOT ALLOW THE LENS TO TOUCH THE SLIDE!
_______Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power objective lens is "clicked" into position.
________ Move the microscope slide around so that the image is in the center of the field of view and
readjust the mirror, illuminator or diaphragm for the clearest image.
________Using the coarse adjustment, lower the objective lens down as far as it will go without touching the
slide! Note: Look at the slide and lens from the side when doing this (see Figure 2).
________Look through the eyepiece and adjust the illuminator (or mirror) and diaphragm (Figure 3) for the
greatest amount of light.
_________When finished, raise the tube, click the low power lens into position and remove the slide.
_______Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. You can push down on the
back end of the stage clip to open it.
If the eyepiece magnification is 10 and the objective lens magnification is 4, what is the total magnification?
______________
If the eyepiece magnification is 10 and the objective lens magnification is 40, what is the total magnification?
______________
Cells
Match the cell organelle with its correct function.
mitochondria
contains water and dissolved minerals
ribosomes
controls entry into and out of cell
Cell membrane
"powerhouse" of cell
vacuoles
food for plant cells is made here
chloroplast
where proteins are made
Diffusion and Osmosis
Label the following : Diffusion, Osmosis, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic:
Diffusion
The process by which molecules spread
from areas of high concentration to
areas of low concentration. When the
molecules are even throughout a space
– it is called equilibrium
The difference in concentration
Cannot occur unless a substance is in higher
concentration in one region than it is in
another.
of a substance across space is
called a concentration gradient.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules
through a selectively permeable
membrane from an area of
higher water concentration to an
area of lower water
concentration.
Isotonic:
If the concentration of
solute (salt) is equal on both
sides, the water will move back
and forth, but it won’t have any
result on the overall amount of
water on either side.
Hypotonic:
A solution in which the concentration of
dissolved substances is lower than the
concentration inside the cell. If a cell is
placed in a hypotonic solution, osmosis
will cause water to move through the
plasma membrane into the cell. The cell
will gain water and grow larger.
Molecules diffuse from an area
of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
(with the gradient)
Hypertonic:
A solution in which the
concentration of dissolved
substances is higher than the
concentration inside the cell.
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic
solution, osmosis will cause water
to leave the cell.
Photosynthesis
Equation for photosynthesis:
6H2O + 6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Place the events in the correct Reaction Phase:
Absorbs sunlight
Occurs in the stroma
Glucose is made
ATP and NADPH used as energy
Oxygen is produced
Water splits
NADP is converted to NADPH
ATP is made
Light Dependent Reactions
6H2O + 6CO2
Calvin Cycle(Light Independent Reactions)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
What’s missing in this equation for photosynthesis: Fill in the blanks.
____
H2O + 6 ____
C_ H__ O_ + 6 ___
Photosynthesis
Energy Source
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation
Fill in the missing boxes with the correct information from below
To make 02 + glucose and sustain life
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Chloroplast
6H2O + 6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Sun
6H2O + 6 CO2
WORD BANK
1 ATP
6H2O
2 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP
6 NADH
1 FADH2
Electron
transport chain
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Lactic acid
Kreb's Cycle
Mitosis / Meiosis
A) Write the names of the stages of mitosis for each diagram below:
a)
b)
c)
d)
B) What should be the correct order for the diagrams?
C) Identify the following terms in the diagrams above: centriole, centromere, spindle fiber, sister
chromatid
Mitosis
Meiosis
Results in 2 diploid cells
Results in 4 haploid cells
Occurs in all dividing body cells
Occurs in cells found in sex organs
Results in identical cells
Due to crossing over, results in offspring that
are not identical
During metaphase homologous chromosomes
line-up single file
During metaphase I homologous pairs line-up
side by side
WHEN THINGS GO WRONG:
a) If chromosomes fail to separate this is called non-disjunction.
DNA and Replication
The structure of DNA is described as a double helix because it looks like a twisted ladder.
Because it is a nucleic acid , it is made out of many smaller nucleotides linked together. Fill
in the following chart on the structure of DNA:
Ladder Sides
Nucleotides are made of:
Which are connected by:
(name bond type)
(sugar)
Ladder Rungs
Fill in the complementary half of the following DNA strand:
side 1
AGATTCGAGT
side 2
DNA Replication
Fill in the blanks with the missing words from the box.
Interphase
helicase
two
nucleotides
DNA polymerase
parent
DNA replication is the cell’s process of making a copy of its DNA during ___________________,
right before it enters mitosis. This way when the cell splits in two, both new cells have the right
amount of DNA.
Fill in the blanks to the steps of DNA replication:
1. DNA replication begins with the enzyme_______________________, which unzips the DNA
helix.
2. Complementary ______________________are added to both sides of the open DNA in
opposite directions using the enzyme _____________________. This enzyme also has the
job of proof-reading.
3. The final result is______________ (#) helices, each containing a ______________strand and
a complementary/daughter strand.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
CENTRAL DOGMA:
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
The Structure of RNA
RNA is another type of nucleic acid. Like DNA, it is made of a long chain of nucleotides. However,
there are 3 main differences between RNA and DNA. Fill in the differences between RNA and DNA.
RNA
Sugar is ribose
stranded
Nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine,
and uracil
DNA
Sugar is
Double-stranded (ladder with two sides)
Nitrogen bases are
Types of RNA
There are 3 main types of RNA that help with making protein. Fill in the missing type of RNA and
functions.
Type of RNA
Function
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries information from DNA in the nucleus to
the ribosome in the cytoplasm
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up part of the ribosome, which is where
proteins are made.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Places amino acid in the order dictated by the
mRNA
codon.
amino acid
cytoplasm
nucleus
RNA polymerase
Transcription
DNA
RNA
Transcription is the process of making an RNA strand that complements one side of the original DNA
strand. This happens inside the____________________ of a cell, where DNA is located. Fill in the
blanks to the steps of transcription:
The enzyme _____________________________is needed for the process of transcription. This
Finish the RNA strand that would complement the following DNA strand:
DNA strand
CGTACCGATTAG
mRNA strand
The Genetic Code
The mRNA strand is a code that’s read 3 nitrogen bases at a time. This set of 3 nitrogen bases is
known as a _____________________. Each codon matches a specific
_______________________.
Translation
RNA
DNA
Translation is the process of using the new mRNA as instructions to show which order the amino
acids should go in. This happens in the ______________________of the cell. The order of the
amino acids determines the type of protein that is made!
Fill in the description of translation below using the diagram above:
A.______________________________
B._____________________________
C.______________________________
D._____________________________
E.______________________________
F._____________________________
G._____________________________
pGlo Lab: Be familiar with the lab!
Genetics
The trait you are looking at is the gene that codes for a short big toe in humans. T represents the
dominant allele (short big toe), t is the recessive allele, long big toe. The following genotypes are
possible. Fill in the phenotypes for them
Genotype Phenotype (description)
TT
Tt
tt
PREDICTED RATIO
Use a Punnet Square to predict the ratio of offspring in a cross where the parents are both Tt
(The Square is set up for you below)
(Non-mendelian monohybrid crosses)
Answer the following questions. Provide a punnett square to support your answers where
indicated. Express probabilities as percentages. For instance, a probability of one chance in ten
would be 10%.
1. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance:
2. In some chickens, the gene for feather color is controlled by codominance. The allele for black is
B and the allele for white is W. The heterozygous phenotype is known as erminette.
a. What is the genotype for black chickens? ____
b. What is the genotype for white chickens? ____
c. What is the genotype for erminette chickens? ____
3. If two erminette chickens were crossed, what is the probability that:
a. They would have a black chick? ____%
b. They would have a white chick? ____%
Parents: ____ X ____
4. A black chicken and a white chicken are crossed. What is the probability that they will have
erminette chicks? ____%
Parents: ____ X ____