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Ch. 12 & 13 Study Guide
Name ____________________________________________
1. Know ALL of your vocabulary words!
2. Compare/contrast DNA and RNA in the following table:
DNA
RNA
Name
Macromolecule Type
Structure (single or double)
Building Blocks
Name of Sugar
Phosphate? (Yes or No)
4 Nitrogen Bases
Leave Nucleus? (Yes or No)
3. What is DNA? Where is it found in the cell?
4. Explain why the structure of DNA is referred to as a double helix molecule?
5. What two scientists discovered DNA’s shape?
6. Draw and label the molecules that make up one DNA nucleotide.
7. In DNA, the backbone (or outside) is composed of alternating ________________________________________ &
___________________________ and on the inside is _____________________________________________ that are
held together by ___________________________________________ bonds.
8. According to the complementary base-pairing rule, what nitrogen bases pair together ALWAYS:
DNA
RNA
Adenine and
Adenine and
Guanine and
Guanine and
9. Which nitrogen bases are Purines? Pyrimidines?
10. (T/F) Purines always bind to pyrimidines.
11. How many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine (or uracil)?
12. How many hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine?
13. (T/F) The two sides of DNA are oriented in the same direction called antiparallel.
14. The process of copying DNA is called _________________________________________________ and it occurs
during the S phase of _______________________________________________.
15. Explain the 3 steps of DNA replication:
a. Step 1: _________________________________________________________________________________

What enzyme unwinds and unzips the DNA into two separate strands?

What happens to the hydrogen bonds between base pairs?
b. Step 2: _________________________________________________________________________________
 What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase?
c. Step 3: _________________________________________________________________________________
 How many new strands of DNA are produced at the end of replication?
 (T/F) Each new strand of DNA produced is made up of ½ old DNA and ½ New DNA.
16. Compare and contrast DNA replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
17. Why is DNA called the “code of life” or the “genetic code”? (Hint: What does it code for that is so important?)
18. Why are proteins important for an organism?
19. What structure in the cell produces proteins?
20. A segment of DNA that contains instructions for making a protein is called a _______________________________.
21. (T/F) A gene is a specific location on a chromosome and controls inherited trait expression when passed on for
generations.
22. (T/F) Organisms closely related have less DNA in common.
23. RNA directs the production of ___________________________________________.
24. Draw and label the molecules that make up one RNA nucleotide.
25. Name and describe the functions of the 3 types of RNA.
26. ________________________________________________ is the process of genes producing their product and the
product carrying out their functions.
27. Explain the process of transcription:
a. Occurs in the ________________________________________________________.
b. A gene for a specific _____________________________________________ is turned on and copied from DNA
into ________________________.
c. As DNA strand unwinds and unzips the enzyme __________________________________________________
regulates RNA synthesis.
d. What happens to the newly synthesized mRNA strand and where does it go?
e. Two DNA strands _____________________________.
28. What are polypeptides?
29. Proteins are made up of smaller molecules called ___________________________________________________.
30. How many total amino acids?
31. 3 base code of nitrogen bases is called a ____________________________________.
32. (T/F) 1 codon codes for 3 amino acid.
33. Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes is called ___________________________________.
34. _____________________________________ is the tip of a eukaryotic chromosome.
35. Explain the process of translation:
a. Occurs in the ____________________________________________________________________________.
b. Interprets genetic information from ______________________ and builds a ___________________________.
c. What attaches to a ribosome and how is it read?
d. What does tRNA carry and drop off to the ribosome?
 How many different types of tRNA molecules?
 The end of the tRNA molecule where 3 complementary bases attach is called the _____________________.
 The other end of the tRNA molecule is where an _______________________________________ attaches.
e. What type of bond forms between amino acids?
f.
What happens once the stop codon is reached?
36. The ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed is called _________________________________.
37. What is a mutation?
38. (T/F) Mutations can affect a single gene or an entire group of genes.
39. If a [gamete (sex cell), body cell (somatic)] becomes mutated, the mutation will be passed to offspring.
40. If a [gamete (sex cell), body cell (somatic)] becomes mutated, the mutation will not be passed to offspring.
41. A change which causes entire codons to repeat is called a _____________________________________________
mutation.
42. A change that shifts the “frame” of the amino acid sequence by adding or deleting nucleotides is called a
__________________________________ mutation.
a. Name and explain the 2 types of frameshift mutation.
43. A change in one base pair is called a ___________________________ mutation.
a. Name and explain the 2 types of point mutation.
44. Name the 3 genetic processes that can cause mutations.
45. Substances that cause mutations are called ______________________________________________.
46. (T/F) Mutations can cause proteins to function improperly or not at all.