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Transcript
Cell structure There are 2 classes of cells Prokaryotes Bacteria Eukaryotes Plants Animals Fungi protists Prokaryotic cells: The work Prokaryote means “before the Nucleus”. Prokaryotes originated before cells with nucleus evolved. They are single-celled organisms They do not have a nucleus They do not have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains: Bacteria Archaea Discovered in the late 1970s lived at high temperatures (Thermal vents, hot springs…) or produce methane Eukaryotic cells: Eu- means “true” Karyon means “kernel” (referring to the nucleus) Has a membrane bound nucleus Has membrane bound structures called organelles Organelles Organelles are membrane-bound structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells. Organelles are used: To perform metabolic functions Provide structural support For motility (movement) Nucleus: The nucleus is the center of all activities inside the cell. This is where all of the genetic information is located. It is the control center of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) It is an extension of the nuclear envelope (the membrane around the nucleus) It forms a continuous compartment that folds over and over into flattened sacs and tubes. There are 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum: 1. Rough ER – has ribosomes attached to its outer surface 2. smooth ER – does not have ribosomes. Ribosome Could be free floating or bound to the Endoplasmic reticulum. Responsible for making proteins. Ribosomes are NOT bound by a membrane Golgi apparatus Has a folded membrane that looks like a stack of pancakes. the Golgi apparatus “sorts” and “Packages” proteins getting them ready to be shipped out of the cell. Mitochondria The power house of the cell This is were the bodies energy units (ATP) are produced. Mitochondria have 2 membranes. The inner membrane is highly folded to provide more surface area. this is called Cristae It has its own DNA (maternal DNA) It is thought to have evolved from bacteria that took up permanent residence in the cell. Not found in plant cells lysosomes Vesicles that bud from Golgi bodies It takes part in intracellular digestion. They contain enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and some lipids. Peroxisome They participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and many other metabolites. Peroxisomes harbor enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides Cytoplasm The clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell. Organelles unique to plants: Chloroplast This is the organelle responsible for photosynthesis It is similar to the mitochondria in animal cells. Vacuoles – responsible for maintaining the shape of the plant cell. Plant cells cannot increase by expanding the cytoplasm, they increase the size of the vacuole.