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Transcript
Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction Notes To be used with Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction Guided Notes Cell Reproduction • All of your body (somatic) cells are formed by mitosis • Cell Reproduction is important when our bodies grow or when certain cells need replacement Cell type Life span (days) Brain Red blood Platelets Stomach lining Liver Intestine lining Skin 30-50 years 120 10 2 200 3 20 Stem Cells cells taken from an early stage embryo that can differentiate (change into different cells) Chromatin-Chromatid-Chromosome Genetic material - Contains DNA • Chromatin DNA stands spaghetti & meatballs Chromatid Coiled chromatin Chromosome Replicated sister chromatids The Cell Cycle - IPMAT 2 Parts: Interphase & Mitosis The Cell Cycle - IPMAT • Interphase • • • • • Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokenesis Interphase • 3 parts of Interphase – takes up about 90% of cell cycle • G1 (growth one phase): – organelles grow • S (synthesis phase): – replication of chromosome material • G2 (growth phase two): – more organelle and cell growth Interphase Chromatin: Immature chromosomes. Chromosomes are NOT distinguishable under microscope. Chromatin looks like spaghetti & meatballs. CENTRIOLES CHROMATIN NUCLEAR MEMBRANE Mitosis - 4 phases • Mitosis: is the second part of the cell cycle and is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells. – The chromosome number in the daughter cell is the same as in the parent. - Humans have 46 chromosomes in each parent cell - their daughter cells will have 46 chromosomes. – Also called asexual reproduction or nuclear cell division – Only one parent is needed Mitosis Each species has a specific chromosome number. Organism Human Chimpanzee Dog Fruit fly Garden pea Adder’s fern Number of Chromosomes 46 48 78 8 14 1260 Is the chromosome number related to the complexity of the organism??? NO WAY! Phase1- Prophase 1. centrioles begin to separate 2. centrioles are connected by spindle fibers made of protein 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. chromosomes appear coiled and become visible Chromosome Structure • chromatid: is one strand of a chromosome. two chromatids = one chromosome • centromere: holds the chromatids together Phase 2 - Metaphase 1. centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell connected by the spindle fibers. 2. each chromosome moves to the center of a cell along one spindle fiber. 3. the centromere attaches to a specific spindle fiber. Phase 3 - Anaphase 1. cell is egg shape 2. centromeres replicate & separate 3. chromosomes separate 4. cytoplasmic division begin 5. cell membrane begins to pinch in Phase 4 - Telophase 1. cell shape is figure 8 2. spindle fibers disappear 3. nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes 4. centrioles replicate in late telophase 5. cell division begins in late telophase Cytokenesis-known as complete cell division -two identical daughter cells The Cell Cycle: Interphase & Mitosis Homework • Using page 6 of your guided notes. Write a paragraph, in your own words explain all the stages of mitosis. • Also include all the words in the word bank. • If you do not have your guided notes please go to my website: myteacherpages .com Then go to guided notes & find page 6. Mitosis Plant Mitosis • How does mitosis differ in plants? – No centriole in plant cells – Plant cells do not pinch in half • Cytoplasmic division is accomplished by a cell plate forming between 2 daughter cells Mitosis In Plants: Interphase Mitosis In Plants: Prophase Mitosis In Plants: Metaphase Mitosis In Plants: Anaphase Mitosis In Plants: Telophase Mitosis In Plants: Interphase Results of Mitosis 1. The same chromosome number is retained from generation to generation 2. Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the chromosomes of the parent cell Results of Mitosis 3. Mutations are rare Cancer: uncontrolled cellular mitotic divisions Causes: Environment influences Viruses Smoking Radiation Prevention: Diet & exercise Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Binary fission: equal division of the cytoplasm and nucleus – results in two new organisms – Examples: paramecium, ameba, euglena Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Budding: nucleus of an organism's cell divides equally but the cytoplasm divides unequally – Examples: yeast, hydra, Sponge Bob Sponge Bob Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Sporulation: the production of spores – Example: molds • spores: single, specialized cells which are released from the parent – they are enclosed in a protective case and develop when environmental conditions are favorable Sporulation Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Regeneration: the development of an entire new organism from part of an original organism – Example: starfish—one ray and part of central body – may also involve the restoration of lost body parts – invertebrates have greater powers of regeneration than do vertebrates Regeneration Patrick Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Vegetative Propagation: regeneration in plants – Complete new plants develop from part of the original plant – Example: Grafting Asexual Reproduction Summary Individuals produced during asexual reproduction are genetically identical to their parents