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Transcript
Microscopes Field of View Fly’s Foot Surface of an Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory Silicon microchip Eyelash hairs growing from the surface of human skin The surface of a strawberry Bacteria on the surface of a human tongue Human sperm (spermatozoa) Nylon hooks and loops of Velcro Household dust: includes long hairs of cat fur, twisted synthetic and woolen fibers, serrated insect scales, a pollen grain, and plant and insect remains The weave of nylon stocking fibers The head of a mosquito Head louse clinging to a human hair Eight eyes (two groups of four) on the head of a tarantula Cut human hairs and shaving foam between two razor blades Cigarette paper the tobacco is rolled in Corroded surface of a rusty nail Mushrooms spores Clutch of butterfly eggs on a raspberry plant Calcium phosphate crystal Spider Skin Starch in a corn kernel Intestinal Bacteria Paramecium Volvox Hooke Prokaryotes Link to Cell Size Eukaryotes Fluid Moasic Model http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife.html Nucleus Nucleus • Contains the genes that control the cell; localizing the cell’s DNA • Nuclear envelope - separates the nucleus contents from cytoplasm - double membrane with pores to regulate what enters and exits nucleus Nucleus • Nucleolus – densely packed RNA and proteins that makes up ribosomes • Chromatin: threads of DNA that makes up the chromosomes and their associated proteins (histones) Endomembrane System • Membranes physically touch one another or transfer membrane segments through tiny vessicles • Includes: - Nuclear envelope - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes - Peroxisomes - Cell membrane ER + Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum • Membranous labryinth extending from the nuclear membrane • Made of tubes and sacs called cisternae Rough ER: ribosomes stud the cytoplasmic surface • Many types of specialized cells secrete proteins made by the rough ER which are moved in transport vesicles • As the polypeptide chain grows from the ribosomes, it goes into the ERs cisternal space and folds into higher levels • Some proteins (glycoproteins) are covalently bonded to carbohydrates or are embedded in newly synthesized lipid membranes Smooth ER: cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes • Function: - synthesis of phospholipids and steroids -carbohydrate metabolism, -detoxification of drugs/poisons Ribosomes • Sites where cells assemble proteins according to genetic instructions • Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm which make proteins that will function in the cytosol • Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum which make proteins that be included in membranes or transported outside the cell Golgi Bodies Golgi Apparatus • Flattened, inner-connected membranous sacks with cisternae • Products of ER are modified, stored, and shipped via transport vesicles • Secretory vesicles have “docking sites” that recognize the surface of specific organelles Lysosome • Membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes that digests macromolecules • Works best in an environment with pH = 5 • Amoeba eat via phagocytosis = engulf food then digest as the lysosome fuses to it • Usually only found in animals Lysosome Animation: Lysosomes Peroxisome Peroxisome • Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing H2O2 • The H2O2 is then converted into water • Helps breakdown fats to be used in mitochondria for energy • Detoxify alcohol in the liver Mitochondria Mitochondria • Site of cellular respiration which generates ATP from sugars and fats • Have ribosomes and small amounts of DNA for its own protein synthesis • 100s-1000s per cell which correlate to the metabolic activity of the cell • Enclosed in phospholipid bi-layer with inner foldings called cristae Chloroplasts Chloroplasts • Convert solar energy into chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to synthesize glucose from CO2 and H2O. • Plastids: specialized organelles in plants - Leucoplasts: store starch in roots and tubers - Chromoplasts: enriched in pigments that give plants their colors - Chloroplasts: contain the green pigment cholorphyll • What organelle is taking up most of the space in this plant cell? Vacuole • Central vacuole: stores water, organic compounds, ions, wastes, and hydrolytic enzymes • Tonoplast: membrane surrounding plant vacuole • Vacuoles and vesicles are both membranous sacs, but vacuoles are larger Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton • Network of fibers that allow for material movement within the cell • microtubules – larger filaments that help • move organelles during cell division • form hair-like extensions on cell surface for movement (cilia or flagella) • Centrioles – rings of microtubules which form spindle fibers to aide in cell division • Microfilaments (actin) – smaller filaments that maintain shape and aid in muscle contraction Centriole Flagella Cell Wall • Made of cellulose (polysaccharide) not digested by most animals • Rigid structure that supports and protects plant cell by preventing the excess uptake of water - turgor pressure from vacuole assists in support • Allows movement of materials in/out of cell through plasmodesmata (channels) Cytoplasm Harvard Cell Animation/ • Cytosol: semi-fluid medium in which organelles are suspended • Mostly water but also contains ions, sugars, amino acids, RNA, and ATP (cell energy) Plasmolyzed Flaccid Turgid Animation of Endo/Exocytosis Exocytosis