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Recognizing the Agricultural
Applications of Biotechnology
Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed!
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MS‐LS1‐1. Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are
made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.
[Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on developing evidence that living
things are made of cells, distinguishing between living and non-living cells,
and understanding that living things may be made of one cell or many and
varied cells.]
MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of
interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. [Clarification Statement:
Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues
form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples could include the
interaction of subsystems within a system and the normal functioning of those
systems.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the mechanism of
one body system independent of others. Assessment is limited to the circulatory,
excretory, digestive, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems.]
Agriculture, Food and Natural Resource Standards
Addressed!
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BS.01. NCAE Standard: Assess factors that have influenced the evolution of
biotechnology in agriculture (e.g., historical events, societal trends, ethical and legal
implications, etc.).
BS.01.01. Investigate and explain the relationship between past, current and emerging
applications of biotechnology in agriculture (e.g., major innovators, historical
developments, potential applications of biotechnology, etc.).
Sample Measurement: The following sample measurement strands are provided to guide
the development of measurable activities (at different levels of proficiency) to assess
students’ attainment of knowledge and skills related to the above performance indicator.
The topic represented by each strand are not all-encompassing.
– BS.01.01.01.a. Research and summarize the evolution of biotechnology in
agriculture.
Bell Work!
How does biotechnology affect
reproduction in animals?
Do you believe cloning is ethical?
Should we pre-determine the sex of an
Animal?
Lesson Objectives
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Objective 1: Explain the latest applications of
biotechnology in plant, animal, and food science
research.
Objective 2: Describe the basic processes of genetic
engineering.
Objective 3: Explain the basic steps of recombinant
DNA technology.
Objective 4: Define and describe DNA fingerprinting.
Objective 5: Explain the steps in basic plant tissue
culture.
Scientific developments in
agriculture have resulted in
rapid changes.
 Science
has resulted in advanced
methods of cloning or reproducing
organisms genetically identical to the
parents.

Plant tissue culture
is a cloning process
in which single plant
cells or groups of
cells are grown in an
artificial medium
under sterile
conditions.
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Embryo splitting
involves removing
an embryo from its
mother, splitting the
embryo, and placing
each half into a
different animal’s
uterus for
development.

Asexual
reproduction of
plants by seed
without fertilization
that results in plants
identical to the
female plant is
known as apomixis.
research.

Superovulation is a
practice in which
animals are induced
to produce many
more eggs than
normal during their
estrus cycle.
Superovulation Results!
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The method of
removing embryos
from a mother and
placing them in
other females for
development is
called embryo
transfer.
Genetic engineering involves
the manipulation of genetic
material within the cell.
 Recombinant
DNA technology involves
removing tiny amounts of DNA from one
organism and inserting them into the
DNA of another organism.
 Recombinant DNA technology is also
known as gene splicing.
 The
process of moving DNA fragments
from one cell to another is
transformation.
 Transgenic organisms are those that
have been altered through
transformation.
Basic challenges of
recombinant DNA technology
 locating
genetic material
 removing the material
 transferring the material into the DNA of
another organism.
Gene coding for specific functions needs to
be located on the DNA before recombinant
DNA technology is applied.
• 1. A complete complement of genetic
material in an organism is the genome.
• 2. Locating and recording the site of
specific genes within the chromosomes is
gene mapping.
 Selected portions of DNA containing the
desired gene are cut with a restriction
enzyme.
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 The
DNA fragments are fused or
attached through a ligation process to
form a recombinant molecule.
 A vector is an agent, commonly bacteria
or viruses, that transfers the DNA into a
cell.
 Small pieces of DNA in bacteria known
as plasmids are the principal vector
used to insert genetic material into cells.
DNA Fingerprinting
 DNA
fingerprinting is a genetic tool
which identifies like a fingerprint
because comparisons produce a unique
pattern that can identify an individual.
How does it work?
 Electrophoresis
is the process by which
DNA fragments are drawn through an
agarose gel from a negative to a
positive charge due to the negative
charge of the phosphate group on the
single strand DNA.
 The technique used to transfer DNA
patterns for reading is called Southern
blotting.
Southern Blotting Technique
Matching fingerprints:
 Compare each line of the one that you know
to the lines in the same position on each of
the possible matching fingerprints.
 If there is one line that does not match in
location or size, that one is eliminated from
the process.
 A match must have all lines in the same
position and of the same size.
Parental disputes:
 Identify the bands of the known parent
in the offspring.
 Remaining bands in offspring must
come from the other parent.
 If remaining bands in offspring do not
match, paternity is disproved.
Tissue culture is a very technical
form of asexual reproduction.
Steps in successful tissue culture require
aseptic or sterile conditions.
 Small pieces of plant material or individual
cells, explants, are removed from the mother
plant.
 Explants are cleaned and grown on an agar
media in test tubes or other glass laboratory
containers, a process known as in vitro.
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Callous or a group of
undifferentiated cells
form.
The cells are
transferred to a media
with appropriate
hormones where they
differentiate and form
plantlets.
The End!