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Cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells: These do NOT have a nucleus
or membrane-bound organelles. Only bacteria
are prokaryotic.

Eukaryotic cells: These do have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles. These cells are
larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals all have
eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Plant vs. Animal Cells

Plant cells have cell walls, plastids, and
chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have these.
Cell walls provide support for the plant. Plastids
and chloroplasts allow plants to do
photosynthesis.

Animal cells have structures that help them
move, called cilia and flagella. They also have
centrioles, which help them during cell division.
Cell Organelles

Nucleus: contains the DNA. It is the brain of the cell.

Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and packages proteins into transport
or storage vesicles. (Post office of the cell)

Cell Wall: rigid wall around cells that give shape and
support. (NOT in animal cells)

Cell Membrane: membrane around cell that allows things to
pass through. (Gate keeper of the cell)

Mitochondria: this is where cellular respiration takes place.
(Energy maker of the cell)
Cell Organelles
Vacuoles: Storage sac for food and water.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance in the cell.
Ribosomes: Make proteins. These can be free-floating or on Rough ER.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): These transport RNA and proteins.
-
Smooth ER: Does not have ribosomes on it.
-
Rough ER: Has ribosomes on its surface.
Cell Transport
Cell Transport
How does stuff get in and out of the cell?

Important Terms

Solution: a liquid mixture of solute dissolved in solvent.
For example, in salt water (salt is the solute and water
is the solvent).

Homeostasis: maintaining balance within the cell.

Hormones: chemicals that regulate body functions.
Cell Transport
 Cell
Membrane: this membrane is
semi-permeable (only certain
substances can go through).
 The cell membrane is made of a
phospholipid bilayer.
Cell Membrane
Passive Transport

Passive transport: molecules move through the cell membrane
from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
(this is called with the concentration gradient). This means that it
will end with an equal amount of both sides when it reaches
equilibrium.

Types of Passive Transport
 Diffusion:
Particles/substances move directly through the
membrane.
 Facilitate
Diffusion: Involves the help of a channel or carrier
protein to move substance through membrane. This is typically
used for large particles that won’t fit otherwise.
 Osmosis:
Water moves through the membrane. Osmosis is the
diffusion of water.
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Types of Solutions
 Isotonic:
particle concentration is the same
outside and inside the cell.
 Hypotonic: particle concentration is lower
in solution than inside the cell.
 Hypertonic: Particle concentration is higher
in solution than inside the cell.
Effect of Solutions on Cells
Active Transport

Active Transport: This requires energy. This is movement
of substances from an area of low concentration to an
area of high concentration. Instead of trying to be equal
on both sides, the cell is trying to get all of the substance
on one side (either in or out of the cell).
Types of Active Transport

Exocytosis: this moves materials out of the cell.

Endocytosis: this moves materials into the cell.
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis

Process of converting carbon dioxide, water, and
light energy into oxygen and sugar.

Plants, algae, and some bacteria can to do
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis

Happens in an organelle called a chloroplast. Therefore,
only cells with chloroplasts will perform photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down food to release
energy.
Anaerobic Respiration
(AKA Fermentation)

The process of sugars breaking down in the
absence of oxygen.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Function
Energy Storage
Energy Release
Location
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 & H2O
C6H12O6 & O2
Products
C6H12O6 & O2
CO2 & H2O
6CO2 + H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + H2O + Energy
Equations
Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the sequence of stages through which a cell passes between one cell
division and the next.

Phases of the Cell Cycle

Interphase= the cell spends most of its time in this phase. Interphase is divided into
3 phases: 1. G1: Period of cell growth. 2. S: Period when DNA is replicated. 3: G2:
Period when cell prepares for division.

Mitosis:

Prophase: The nucleus organizes the chromatin material into chromosomes.

Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in center of cell.

Anaphase: Chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sides of cell.

Telophase: Cell membrane begins to grow across center of cell between the two
nuclei.

Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm. (This is not a phase of the cell cycle)
Cell Cycle
 Interphase
 Mitosis:
 Mitosis:
PMAT
Only happens in body
(somatic) cells. This means every cell
except the sex cells, which are sperm
and egg cells.
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
 The
processes of mitosis and cytokinesis together
are called cell division.
 The
result of cell division is two new daughter cells
that are identical to the parent cell, because they
have the same DNA as parent cell.