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Human Body Systems Part 3 7th grade The Skin • A. The skin is the largest organ of your body, the sense organ – it can shrink or it can enlarge itself. • B. The skin has 3 layers – 1. epidermis – outer layer – 2. dermis- below the epidermis it contains blood vessels – 3. fatty layer – insulates the body • C. Melanin – a chemical that protects your body and gives it color – 1. Exposure to the sun, increases melanin and darkens the skin. • D. Skin Functions – 1. protection – 2. sensory response – touch a hot stove your hand instantly responds and pulls away – 3. formation of vitamin D -4. regulation of body temperature a. hot – sweat b. cold- goose bumps -5. ridding the body of heat waste and sweating -6. glands- secrete fluids to destroy some bacteria – 7. retains fluids – from water lose in tissues• A. dehydration- the skin discolors and wrinkles, it loses its elasticity- can cause organ damage E. Skin Injuries and Repair 1. your skin can be: a. bruised b. scratched c. burned d. ripped e. exposed to harsh weather – 2. Epidermis produces new cells continuously – 3. Dermis repairs tears – 4. Bruises are tiny blood vessels that have burst under the skin • A. shades of blue, red, and purple healing turn yellow, greenish II. The Muscular System • A. Muscle Control – 1. Voluntary muscles, you can control: legs, arms, hands, face. – 2. involuntary muscles, you cannot control: blood pumping through body, food moving through digestive system. B. Muscle tissue, Three types 1. Skeletal- voluntary muscles that move bone 2. Smooth – involuntary muscles in intestines, bladder, organs 3. Cardiac – involuntary, only found in heart • III The Skeletal System – A. Functions of your skeletal system • 1. it gives shape and support • 2. it protects your internal organs • 3. major muscles are attached to bones and help them move • 4. red blood cells are made in the Marrow. 2-3 million cells per second. • 5. the skeleton contains calcium and phosphorous that makes bones hard. • B. Bone Structure – 1. bones have bumps, edges, round ends, rough spots, pits and holes. – 2. Periosteum- a tough membrane on bone’s surface. – 3. cartilage- a smooth, slippery, thick layer of tissue on the end of bones. – 4. joints – where two or more bones come together, held together by a band called ligament. • C. Two types of joints – 1. immovable joints – allows little or no movement. Ex. Skull, pelvis however, a baby’s skull is flexible to move through the birth canal. – 2. movable joints – allows body to make wide range of motion. • • • • A. Ball – and – socket = shoulder B. gliding – wrist, ankles C. hinge – knee D. pivot- turning head IV. The Nervous System • A. Stimulus – how your body responds to changes in the environment whether external or internal ex: external, sudden loud noise • B. Nerve cells or Neurons – basic functioning units of the nervous system, called nerve cells – 1. messages carried by neurons are called an impulse • C. Four parts of the Neuron – 1. Dendrite – 2. Soma, cell body with nucleus – 3. Axon – 4. Axon terminals • D. Three types of Neurons – 1. sensory neurons • A. receives information and sends it to the brain or spinal cord. 2. Motor neurons a. conducts impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands. b. detects stimuli in the skin and eyes – 3. Inter-neurons • A. transports information from the sensory to motor, in the spinal column in brain • E Synapses – 1. A small space between neurons where impulse moves. – 2. Chemical is released to create movement. • F. Two divisions of the Nervous System – 1. CNS – Central Nervous System • A. includes brain and spinal cord • B. there are billions of neurons in the brain • C. the spinal cord is made up of bundles of neurons • D. sensory neurons go to the CNS 2. PNS- Peripheral Nervous System a. all nerves outside of the CNS b. cranial nerves – 12 pairs c. spinal nerves – 31 pairs d. There are two divisions of PNS 1. Somatic system – controls voluntary actions, from CNS to skeletal muscles. 2. Autonomic system – control of involuntary actions, heart rate, breathing, digestion. • G. The senses – sense organs are adapted for intercepting stimuli, such as light sound, heat, chemicals, or pressure and converting them into impulses for the nervous system. – 1. Vision • A. Eyes have two structures that refract light, cornea and lens. • 2. Retina – the part of the eye that light is finally focused on. • C. optic nerve carries impulse to brain where brain interprets image. – 2. Hearing • A. sound waves stimulate nerve cells deep inside of ear. • B. Ear – three sections – 1. outer ear, funnels sound to middle ear – 2. middle ear, eardrum, anvil, hammer, stirrup – 3. inner ear, cochlea, semicircular canals, balance. – 3. Smell • A. food molecules move into air. • B. stimulates olfactory nerve cells – 4. Taste • A. taste buds, major sensory receptors for taste • B. 10,000 taste buds • C. five taste sensations: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and MSG (monosodium glutamate). V. The Endocrine System • A. Fight or flight • B. The Endocrine and Nervous System are the body’s control system • C. Endocrine Glands – 1. Hormones – chemicals produced by the endocrine system • A. the endocrine gland releases the hormone directly into the blood. • B. the blood transports the hormone to the target tissue. • D. Glands – 1. Pineal gland – produces melatonin. Regulates wake/sleep patterns. – 2. Pituitary gland – affects growth to reproduction. – 3. Thymus gland- production of infection – fighting cells. – 4. Thyroid gland- hormones that regulate metabolic rate. – 5. Adrenal glands - helps • 6. Ovaries – female, produce hormones called estrogen and progesterone reproductive cycle. • 7. Testes – male, reproductive organs testosterone, production of sperm VI. The Reproductive System • A. Male and female reproductive systems are adapted to lead to the birth of a baby. • B. Female sex hormones create breast development and eggs in ovaries. – 1. ovaries – female sex organ – 2. eggs develop in the ovary – 3. egg is fertilized in the oviduct – 4. embryo develops in the uterus • C. Male sex hormones create facial hair and sperm. – 1. testes and sperm – male sex organ – 2. semen – mixture of sperm and fluid VII. Human Life Stages • A. Zygote – sperm has entered the egg and attaches itself to the uterus wall • B. Period of development, pregnancy • C. Embryo – after zygote attaches to wall • D. Amniotic sac forms around embryo. – 1. amniotic fluid, clear liquid acts as a cushion for embryo and stores nutrients and waste. • E. Fetus, after first two months of pregnancy. – 1. ninth month, fetus develops a white greasy coating which helps the movement of the baby through the birth canal. • F. The Birthing Process – 1. Labor, muscular contractions of the uterus. – 2. Amniotic sac breaks – 3. Baby is pushed out G. Stages After Birth 1. infancy – newborn to 18 months 2. childhood – last until puberty 3. adolescence – puberty until 18 years old H. Adulthood – final stage of development.