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How Does DNA Control Traits? Lesson 3 pg. A52 Ms. Lourdes Martinez 6th Grade Unique DNA • A giraffe belongs to a species that is different from the species that the zebras belong to. Each animal has all the physical characteristics, or traits, of the species to which it belongs. • How do the traits of these giraffes and zebras differ? • Inside the nucleus of each giraffe cell is a set of instructions for building the giraffe’s body. • You’ve already learned that chromosomes are the parts of a cell’s nucleus that carry information that controls all the cell’s activities. • Chromosomes contain a substance called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The DNA determines the kind of organism that the cell belongs to, in this case a giraffe. Down Syndrome • Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. • But a baby with Down syndrome has an extra chromosome (47 instead of 46) or one chromosome has an extra part. • This extra genetic material causes problems with the way their bodies develop. • http://www.ds-int.org/what-down-syndrome • The DNA of a chromosome is divided into sections called genes. Each gene controls how a certain trait will develop. For example – a gene might control the color of a giraffe’s hair. The body of the giraffe will look a certain way because of a particular gene. • No two living things that are produced by sexual reproduction (except identical twins) have exactly the same genes. Structure of DNA • The shape of the DNA molecule looks like a long twisted ladder. The ladder has millions of rungs made of four kinds of smaller molecules called bases. • The four bases are represented by the letters A,T,G, and C. • Bases have shapes that allow them to fit together only in certain combinations. Using DNA Information • Humans contains at least 100,000 organized into 46 chromosomes. genes Lesson 3 Review pg.A59 1.- Why is every organism unique? 2.-What are chromosomes? 3.- What does DNA stand for? 4.- Where can we find DNA? 5.- People who are born with Down Syndrome have how many chromosomes? In what pair of chromosomes does this problem occur? 6.- The DNA of a chromosome is divided into sections. What are these sections called? How Do Organisms Inherit Traits? Lesson 4 pg.A62 Variation • Family Picture • The process by which traits are passed from parent to offspring- from generation to generation- is called heredity. • Remember that DNA in the egg cell combines with DNA in the sperm cell during fertilization. Then a single cell – the zygote – forms. • Organisms that are produced as a result of sexual reproduction receive, or inherit, at least two genes for every trait. One gene is inherited from the mother . The other gene is inherited from the father. • Not every child in a family receives the same set of genes from the mother and father. Each egg cell of the mother contains a different combination of genes. Each sperm cell of the father also contains a different combination of genes. *The appearance of each child in the family results from the particular combinations he or she received during fertilization. Dominant and Recessive Genes