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Download 30. genetic disorders 31. pedigree 32. Punnett Square
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30. genetic disorders - a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA 31. pedigree - a diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations, a genetic family tree 32. Punnett Square - a chart used to predict the possible offspring of a cross between the known genotypes of the parents 33. codominance - more than 1 allele is dominant, blood type, sickle cell anemia 34. sex-linked traits - traits controlled by genes on the X chromosome examples: colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy 35. sex chromosomes - human chromosome # 23, XX = female, XY = male 36. autosomes - human chromosomes #1-22 37. polygenic traits - multiple pairs of genes control these traits, examples: hair color, eye color, height, skin color 38. karyotype - the organization of chromosomes in a chart, human chromomes (#1-23 ) are arranged from largest to smallest 39. nondisjunction - when mistakes occur during meiosis, sister chromatids fail to separate properly, examples: Turner’s syndrome (#23 = XO), klinefelter’s syndrome (#23 = XXY), down syndrome (#21 = XXX), Edward’s Syndrome (#18) 40. fetal testing testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born, used to detect birth defects such as Down syndrome, chromosome abnormalities, genetic diseases and other conditions, such as spina bifida, Tay Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis. Screening can also determine the gender of the fetus. 3 types of fetal testing: 1. amniotic fluid sample (amniocentisis) 2. chorionic villus sample 3. fetal blood sample 41. mutation - a permanent change in a cell’s DNA, examples: deletion, insertions, duplication 42. gene therapy - technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development , carrier molecule (a vector) is used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient's target cells, a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA is the most common vector 43. genetic engineering - a laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of living organisms 44. cloning - the process of similar producing populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects, or plants reproduce asexually - can also be a processes used to create copies of DNA fragments to create identical organisms