Download 30. genetic disorders 31. pedigree 32. Punnett Square

30. genetic disorders
- a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA
31. pedigree
- a diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through
several generations, a genetic family tree
32. Punnett Square
- a chart used to predict the possible offspring of a cross between the
known genotypes of the parents
33. codominance
- more than 1 allele is dominant, blood type, sickle cell anemia
34. sex-linked traits
- traits controlled by genes on the X chromosome
examples: colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy
35. sex chromosomes
- human chromosome # 23, XX = female, XY = male
36. autosomes
- human chromosomes #1-22
37. polygenic traits
- multiple pairs of genes control these traits, examples: hair
color, eye color, height, skin color
38. karyotype
- the organization of chromosomes in a chart, human chromomes
(#1-23 ) are arranged from largest to smallest
39.
nondisjunction
- when mistakes occur during meiosis, sister chromatids fail to separate
properly, examples: Turner’s syndrome (#23 = XO), klinefelter’s syndrome
(#23 = XXY), down syndrome (#21 = XXX), Edward’s Syndrome (#18)
40. fetal testing
testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born, used to
detect birth defects such as Down syndrome, chromosome abnormalities,
genetic diseases and other conditions, such as spina bifida, Tay Sachs
disease, sickle cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis. Screening can also determine
the gender of the fetus.
3 types of fetal testing:
1. amniotic fluid sample (amniocentisis)
2. chorionic villus sample
3. fetal blood sample
41. mutation
- a permanent change in a cell’s DNA,
examples: deletion, insertions, duplication
42. gene therapy
- technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development
, carrier molecule (a vector) is used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the
patient's target cells, a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal
human DNA is the most common vector
43. genetic engineering
- a laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of
living organisms
44. cloning
- the process of similar producing populations of genetically
identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as
bacteria, insects, or plants reproduce asexually
- can also be a processes used to create copies of DNA
fragments to create identical organisms