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RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Central Dogma of Biology! • Genes are codes for making polypeptides (proteins) • The nitrogenous bases (ATCG’s) contain the code! • DNA is stored in the nucleus and proteins are made in the cytoplasm How your cell makes very important proteins 1.Transcription – copy of the code 2. Translation – translation into proteins • DNA RNA Protein Such as…. Insulin, testosterone, human growth hormone, amylase, serotonin, melatonin, melanin, dystrophin, platlets etc.…... Before making proteins, Your cell must first make RNA • Question: • How does RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? RNA differs from DNA 1. RNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose 2. RNA contains uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) 3. RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double-stranded 1. Transcription OR RNA production • RNA molecules are produced by copying part of DNA into a complementary sequence of mRNA • This process is started and controlled by an enzyme called Helicase – “unzips” the double stranded DNA. 1. Transcription DNA Helicase mRNA (messenger RNA) Helicase opens the DNA and DNA polymerase Adds base pairs to the mRNA strand. (copy of the DNA) Question: • What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? Remember U replaces T • DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ Types of RNA • Three types of RNA: A. messenger RNA (mRNA) B. transfer RNA (tRNA) C. ribosome RNA (rRNA) mRNA • Carries instructions from DNA to the rest of the ribosome. • Tells the ribosome what kind of protein to make • Acts like an email from the principal to the cafeteria lady. A. Messenger RNA (mRNA) start codon mRNA Bases are read as three letter codons A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A codon 1 protein methionine codon 2 codon 3 glycine serine codon 4 isoleucine codon 5 codon 6 glycine alanine codon 7 stop codon Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 peptide bonds aa4 aa5 aa6 rRNA • Part of the structure of a ribosome • Location in the cytoplasm where translation occurs • Helps in protein production tRNA Gets the right amino acids to make the right Protein according to mRNA copy of instructions B. Transfer RNA (tRNA) methionine Ribosomes Large subunit mRNA Small subunit P Site A Site 2. RNA Processing pre-RNA molecule exon intron exon intron exon intron intron exon splicesome exon exon splicesome exon exon exo n Mature RNA molecule 3. Translation • Three parts: 1. initiation: start codon (AUG) - Primer 2. elongation: codon is read and amino acid attached. 3. termination: stop codon (UAG) • Watch a PROTEIN being made!!!!! 3. Translation Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA A U G Small subunit C U A C U U C G Initiation Tyr HIS aa2 2-tRNA 1-tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA Elongation peptide bond aa3 HIS Asp 3-tRNA 1-tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds U A C A U G codon 2-tRNA G A A G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA Tyr peptide bond aa3 Asp 1-tRNA 3-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA A U G G A A G A U C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon Tyr peptide bonds Ala Asp Glu 4-tRNA 2-tRNA A U G 3-tRNA G C U G A U G A A C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Tyr peptide bonds Ala Asp Glu 2-tRNA 4-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA A U G G C U G A A C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon Tyr peptide bonds Stop Asp Glu Ala 5-tRNA U G A 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA peptide bonds Tyr Stop Asp Glu Ala 5-tRNA U G A 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon Ala Stop Termination Glu primary structure Asp of a protein His 200-tRNA A C U mRNA terminator or stop codon C A U G U U U A G End Product • The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein. • A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds. Asp Tyr Glu Ala Stop Question: • The anticodon UAC belongs to a tRNA that recognizes and binds to a particular amino acid. • What would be the DNA base code for this amino acid? Answer: • tRNA • mRNA • DNA - UAC (anticodon) - AUG (codon) - TAC Mutations • changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA • Types: deletion, insertion, substitution, repeats, rearrangement