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Bell Work •HAND IN DIFFUSION LAB WRITE-UP STAPLED TO THE LAB PACKET •COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS ON THE NUCLEUS BELL WORK Ribosomes and The Golgi Apparatus Overview: Ribosomes Ribosomes read strands of mRNA and use those directions to make a protein Specifically every three bases codes for an amino acid. The three bases that are grouped together are called a codon Each codon that enters the ribosome stands for a different amino acid Overview The ribosome moves along the strand of RNA Each time it reads a codon, a tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule brings over the matching amino acid. The ribosome attaches each amino acid creating a chain of amino acids (polypeptide) Once the polypeptide folds up it creates a protein. Amino Acid Protein Synthesis: Translation Two parts of the ribosome, top and bottom, clamp onto a piece of mRNA on the rough endoplasmic reticulum A base U base G base C base Protein Synthesis: Translation The ribosome moves along the mRNA until it reaches a start codon (group of three bases that tells the ribosome to start making a protein) The start codon is always A-U-G A base U base G base C base Protein Synthesis: Translation The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon which codes for a specific amino acid. Tyrosine A base U base G base C base Protein Synthesis: Translation When the ribosome moves over again a tRNA brings over the correct amino acid. It knows which amino acid is correct because it has an anti-codon on its base that is complimentary to the one on the mRNA Tyr A base U base G base C base Arginine Protein Synthesis: Translation The ribosome moves to the next codon. This allows the next amino acid to be brought over. The first amino acid attaches to the next one in line before the tRNA leaves the ribosome. Tyr A base U base G base C base Arg Leucine Protein Synthesis: Translation This process of adding amino acids to the chain continues until the ribosome encounters a stop codon. Tyr Arg A base Leu Val Met Arg His Val U base G base C base http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ&feature=related STOP!!! Over view: Golgi Body The golgi apparatus adds carbohydrates and lipids to the outsides of the proteins and then packages them up to leave the cell. The carbohydrates and lipids act like an address on a piece of mail. They bind only to specific cells. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qF8hK0HtB1M Protein Synthesis: Finishing Touches Proteins when finished being made by ribosomes on the E.R. break off in transport vesicles (made of E.R. membrane) and travel to the golgi apparatus. A vesicle is a membrane bound storage unit like a vacuole, but it is meant for transporting molecules around the cell Protein Synthesis: Finishing Touches The membrane of the transport vesicle and golgi apparatus join releasing the protein into the cis face (receiving end) of the golgi apparatus. Protein Synthesis: Finishing Touches As the protein moves through the apparatus, lipids and carbohydrates are added to it. More and more are added as the protein travels through the different layers. Remember these specify which cells the proteins should enter Protein Synthesis: Finishing Touches When the finished protein enters the trans face (exiting end) of the gogli apparatus, it is once again surrounded in membrane which will act as a secretory vesicle (it secretes the protein from the cell). Protein Synthesis: Finishing Touches The secretory vesicle with the finished protein travels to the cell membrane. The cell membrane and vesicle membrane fuse releasing the protein outside of the cell. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u 38LjCOvDZU&feature=related