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Transcript
From Gene to Protein Central Dogma The Big Picture • The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides • The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins • Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation • The ribosome is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Basics of Transcription & Translation The Protein Code • The genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous; no codon specifies more than one amino acid • Codons must be read in the correct reading frame (correct groupings) in order for the specified polypeptide to be produced • The genetic code is nearly universal • Genes can be transplanted, then transcribed & translated Type of RNA Functions Messenger Carries information specifying RNA (mRNA) amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes Transfer RNA Serves as adapter molecule in (tRNA) protein synthesis; translates mRNA codons into amino acids Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Plays catalytic (ribozyme) roles and structural roles in ribosomes Point Mutation Frameshift Mutation
