Download DNA - Dickinson ISD

Warm-Up: Monday, Oct 22
• Complete in your 3 Brad Folder
• What macromolecule makes up
DNA & RNA?
DNA
and
RNA:
Notes
#1
Objectives
1) Identify the 3 main components of DNA
2) List the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA
3) List the scientists important in the history
of DNA
DNA
= Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Helix shaped, long molecule
• Made up of nucleic acids (macromolecule)
• Nucleotides = building block nucleic acids
• Each nucleotide made up of 3 basic
components:
1) 5-Carbon sugar called Deoxyribose
2) Phosphate group
3) Nitrogenous base (4 different ones)
4 Nitrogenous Bases:
• 2 Purines (2 ring structures)
– Adenine (A)
– Guanine (G)
• 2 Pyrimidines (1 ring structures)
– Cytosine (C)
– Thymine (T)
Chargaff’s Rules
• Figured out how the base pairs went
together
• A pairs with T
• C pairs with G
X- Ray Evidence
• Rosalind Franklin (1950’s)
• Used X-ray diffraction
• First to find the double
helix structure
• Was not credited for many
years because she was a
woman
• Never awarded the Noble
Prize
– They do not give the prize to
dead people!
The Double Helix
• Francis Crick & James Watson (1953)
• Contributions:
– Discovered Franklin’s picture
– Able to apply the final puzzle piece
– Came up with a model
• Double helix: 2 strand wound around
each other
• For a long time, they were given and took
sole credit for this discovery, even won the
noble prize for it!
Double Helix
= Looks like a twisted ladder or a spiral
staircase
• Found that hydrogen bonds were between
the nitrogenous bases (ATCG)
• Called this base pairing:
– A to T
– C to G
DNA in Cells
Prokaryotes (bacteria)
• Single, circular DNA
molecule in the
cytoplasm
• No nucleus
Eukaryotes (plants,
animals, protists, fungi)
• 1000x more DNA
• DNA located in the
nucleus
• Found in the form of
chromosomes
Chromosomes
= DNA that is coiled and supercoiled
• Humans:
– 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 individual)
– Each has around 50 to 250 million bases
DNA Length
• E.Coli
– Bacterium that lives in your intestines
– Contains 4,639,221 base pairs!
• Length of DNA molecule is roughly 1.6
mm
• However, it must fit inside 1/1000th of the
space!
Thinking Strategy #19 (pg 12):
T-Shirt Design
• Directions: Design artwork for a t-shirt
representing DNA
1) Front of shirt must have artwork showing the
concept using 3 colors.
2) Back of the shirt must have a 1-2 line cute or
clever (but clean) saying using DNA.
3) A minimum of one paragraph (5-6 sentences)
must be written to describe how the artwork
and saying explain DNA.
Warm-Up: Tuesday, Oct 23
• Complete in your 3 Brad Folder
• Who was the 1st person to
discover the double helix shape of
DNA?
DNA
and
RNA:
Notes
#2
Objectives
1) Describe the process of DNA
replication.
2) Identify the 3 main components of
RNA.
3) List the 3 types of RNA.
DNA Replication
• Replication = DNA
makes an identical
copy of itself
• Occurs in the cell’s
nucleus
• Complimentary =
each strand can be
used to make a copy
Let’s Try It!
• Make a complimentary strand for the
following DNA strand:
ATCGCCGTACGATCGAATTCGA
How does Replication occur?
1) Helix unzipped by enzyme Helicase
2) Replications from 5’ to 3’ end
3) Free, unattached nucleotides find their
complimentary base
4) Combine w/ their pair by hydrogen bonding
How does Replication occur?
• Use multiple enzymes to replicate DNA
• 2 types strands from unzipped DNA:
1) Leading Strand
- DNA polymerase III used to attach new nucleotides
2) Lagging Strand
- Forms by Okazaki fragments
- RNA Primase lays down primer
- DNA Polymerase III lays down strand
- DNA Ploymerase I replaces RNA primer
Genes
= working subunits of DNA within
chromosomes
• Encodes instructions that allow a cell to
produce a specific protein or enzyme
• Large portions of DNA strand to not
encode for proteins (function unknown)
• Only copy what need to make protein
*** You would not copy an entire book, if you
only needed page 53!***
RNA
= ribonucleic acid
• Single Stranded!
• Made up of:
1) 5-Carbon sugar called Ribose
2) Phosphate
3) Nitrogenous bases (4 different ones)
• Contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)
• Base Pairs:
– A pairs w/ U
– C still pairs w/ G
Similarities & Differences of
DNA & RNA?
Let’s Practice
• Let’s take the same strand of DNA and
make an RNA copy:
ATCGCCGTACGATCGAATTCGA
3 types of RNA
1) Messenger RNA:
• AKA mRNA
• Carries copies of the DNA instructional
code OUT of the nucleus to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
3 types of RNA
2) Ribosomal RNA
• AKA rRNA
• Proteins are assembled on ribosomes
• Ribosomes are made up of several types
of protein and rRNA
3 types of RNA
3) Transfer RNA
• AKA tRNA
• Transfers each Amino Acid to the
ribosomes as it is coded by the specific
messages in mRNA
Ziploc DNA Activity
1) Cut the plastic bag portion off of the Ziploc
2) Open up the zipping feature of the ziplock
3) Write the following base pairs on one side
of the Ziploc:
AAGCTATTGCCCATTA
4) Now you write the complimentary strand
on the other side of the Ziploc
5) Tape into your notebook on new page
6) Add to your Table of Contens
Warm-Up: Wednesday, Oct 24
• Complete in your 3 Brad Folder
• List the 3 types of RNA.
DNA
and
RNA:
Notes
#3
Objectives
1) Define transcription and translation.
2) Compare and contrast transcription
and translation.
Transcription
= Process of creating a
complementary RNA
copy of a sequence of
DNA
• Requires the enzyme
RNA polymerase
• Looks for DNA
promoters and binds
to them
• Copies the section of
DNA until it comes to
the stopping point
Translation
= Process of decoding of instructions for
making proteins
• Sequence of nucleotides serves as
instructions for the order of amino acids
• Proteins are made from joining many
amino acids into a long chain
• The code is read 3 letters at a time
Translation Process
1) mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the
nucleus
2) The proper amino acid is brought in by
tRNA
3) Peptide bond is formed between amino
acids
4) Continues to grow until reaches a stop
codon
Let’s Practice
• Let’s take the same strand of DNA and
make an RNA copy:
ATCGCCGTACGATCGAATTCG
• Now, using the codon chart, let’s make
amino acid sequence coding for a protein
in the process called Translation
Why do we care about DNA?
•
•
•
•
Organ/Bone Marrow Transplants
Paternity Tests
Crime Scene Investigations
Chromosomal Abnormalities (tomorrow)
EXTRA CREDIT (Due Fri, Nov 2)
1) Research one of mentioned real world
applications of DNA and how it was used
in a specific situation.
2) Create a visual presentation that includes
the following:
- Written summary: minimum of 7-8
sentences describing how DNA was used in
a real life situation
- 2 illustrations that supplement the summary
- Cite where you got the information from
(may print a copy of article)
Warm-Up: Thursday, Oct 25
• Complete in your 3 Brad Folder
1) In which organelle is mRNA
transcribed from DNA?
2) What type of bond is formed
between amino acids?
DNA
and
RNA:
Notes
#4
Objectives
1) Define the term mutation
2) Compare and contrast point
mutations and frameshift mutations.
3) List common mutations found in the
human body.
Mutations
• Now and then cells make mistakes in
copying their own DNA
• Mutations = mistakes in DNA copying
• Involves changes in one or a few
nucleotides
Types of Gene Mutations
1) Point Mutation = type of mutation that
causes the replacement of a single
base nucleotide w/ another nucleotide of
the genetic material
– Example:
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Point Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat.
Example: Sickle Cell Anemia
• Description: disease passed down through
families
– Red blood cells form an abnormal sickle
or crescent shape
– Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body
& are normally shaped like a disc.
• Caused by a point mutation.
Types of Gene Mutations
2) Frameshift Mutation = genetic mutation
cased by a deletion or insertion (addition)
• Remember: amino acids are still read in
groups of 3, so these mistakes can be
deadly
• If a nucleotide is added/deleted then it
causes the DNA to shift (frameshift)
– Example
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Frame Shift: The fat caa tet hew eer at
Frameshift Mutations
Example: Tay-Sachs Disorder
• Description:
– Baby appears to develop normally
for the first few months of life
– As nerve cells become distended
with fatty material, a relentless
deterioration of mental and
physical abilities occurs.
– Have "cherry-red" spots in their
eyes
• Symptoms:
– Blind, deaf, and unable to swallow
– Muscles begin to atrophy and
paralysis sets in
• Caused by a frameshift mutation
Chromosomal Mutations
= changes in the number or structure of
chromosomes
Structure changes:
= involve even larger mutations, where
segments of the DNA within chromosomes
break & then rearrange
• Translocation: Cancer and Infertility
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
1) Inversion = insertion of a chromosome
fragment in reverse orientation
• Causes an increased risk of miscarriages
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
2) Translocation = attachments of
chromosome fragments to non-homologous
chromosomes
• Causes Cancer and Infertility
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
3) Deletion = lose of a
portion of the
chromosome
• Example: WolfHirschhorn Syndrome
- Distinct craniofacial
phenotype, growth &
mental retardation,
seizures, congenital
heart defects
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
• Duplication = portion of the chromosome is
duplicated, resulting in extra genetic
material
• Example: Carcot-Marie-Tooth disease
– Progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch
sensation across various parts of the body
Review: DNA & RNA
DNA
RNA
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Sugar: Ribose
Bases: A to T, C to G
Bases: A to U, C to G
Double Stranded
Single Stranded
Located in Nucleus
Copies DNA in nucleus
(mRNA) & leaves to
make amino acids in
cytoplasm
Review: DNA & RNA Processes
Process
Location
DNA Replication Inside nucleus
What Happens
Makes
complimentary
strand of DNA (DNA
copies itself)
Transcription
Nucleus &
Cytoplasm
Translation
Cytoplasm
mRNA copies DNA
in nucleus, then
brings info into
cytoplasm
mRNA is read in
codons (3 base
pairs at a time),
amino acids are put
in a sequence to
form a protein
Thinking Strategies
• May pick one of the following 2 strategies:
1) Diamante Poem (#21 pg 12B)
– Top beginning noun = DNA
– Bottom beginning noun = RNA
2) Map News (#22 pg 12B)
Avid Thinking Strategy
• Map News!
How does this
Affect me?
New
Vocabulary
Name of
Source
Date
Title of News Article or
Topic
Branch of
Science
Clues
Evidence
Science
Fact
Conclusion
Warm-Up: Friday, Oct 26
• Complete in your 3 Brad Folder
• Define the term point mutation
and give an example.
DNA Extraction Lab