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Inheritance and the Structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA Discovery • 1928-Frederick Griffith – transforming factor • 1944-James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered that DNA was the transforming factor • 1952-Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins – took x-ray photographs of the DNA molecule • 1953-Watson and Crick – created a three-dimensional 3-D model of DNA • 1962-Watson, Crick, and Wilkins – received the Nobel Prize in Medicine What is DNA? • Genetic material used to express traits • Nucleotide units – Deoxyribose (sugar) – Phosphate – Base • Purines (double ring) – Thymine ( T ) – Cytosine ( C ) • Pyrimidine (one ring) – Adenine ( A ) – Guanine ( G ) Complementary Strands • Order of bases on the nucleotides in one strand of DNA complements the order of bases on the opposite strand – base sequence DNA Replication • DNA stores and transmit information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them. • DNA located in the nucleus and cannot leave. • Duplication of DNA DNA Helicase and DNA Polymerase 5” 3” refers to location of carbon on sugar, bases added to C with OH attached, work forward from there, refer to DNA handout. Bases attach to C #2, C#5 Phosphate Deoxyribose vs Ribose sugars • 2-Deoxy-Ribose in DNA is replaced by Ribose in RNA. • The difference is a hydroxy group ( -OH ) in RNA versus a single proton ( -H ) in DNA. • The extra -O- in the ribose backbone prevents formation of stable double-helices in RNA. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • RNA differs from DNA – Sugar is ribose – The nitrogen base THYMINE is replaced by URACIL – RNA is single-stranded • There are three types of RNA – Messenger RNA (mRNA) – Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – copies the information from the DNA in the nucleus • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – reads the information from mRNA – carries amino acids to the ribosome • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transcription vs Translation • Transcription – DNA to mRNA – in nucleus • Translation – mRNA to tRNA and rRNA to make proteins – in cytoplasm Transcription • Reading the gene • RNA polymerase (mRNA) Translation • RNA to proteins • Cytoplasm – tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA – assemble proteins • Genetic Code – Three letter word (codon) – Codon codes for amino acid – 64 mRNA Translation • Specific amino acid on one end of each tRNA. – anticodon on tRNA is complementary codon on mRNA. • mRNA joins with a rRNA and tRNA – first tRNA is released from the ribosome – Amino acids bond creating a polypeptide chain – This process is repeated until one of three stop codons is reached