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Study the diagram below and be prepared to answer the following questions: • What processes are represented by the 1, 2 and 3 in the diagram? • What is another name for a polypeptide? Get a copy of the Stemscopedia from the cabinet and create a tree map like the one below in your notebook.. Read about mutation on pages 44-46 of the Stemscopedia and pages 4 & 5 if the “Student Guide” handout and then use the terms on the right to complete your Chromosomal Mutations “Mutations Concept Map” Deletion Inversion Duplication Substitution Insertion Translocation Deletion Gene Mutations Mutations Translocation Mutations Gene Mutations substitution deletion insertion Chromosomal Mutations duplication inversion deletion translocation Does the DNA sequence ever get messed up? Yes, it does. When this happens, we call it a mutation. Some mutations occur simply because DNA polymerase makes a mistake, adding the wrong nucleotide during DNA replication. Other mutations are caused by mutagens (MYEW tuh junz), which are chemicals or radiation that can damage DNA. Chemical mutagens are being studied for possible use in treating HIV—the virus that causes AIDS. UV radiation from the Sun can damage DNA. A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. And as you can probably guess, a change in DNA leads to a change in mRNA, which can lead to a change in protein synthesis. Point mutations occur when a single nucleotide is changed and can result in a genetic disorder. A substitution is a kind of point mutation that occurs when one base is exchanged for another. AGT GCA CTC AGT GGA CTC We can think about the DNA sequence of a gene as a sentence made up entirely of three-letter words. In the sequence, each three-letter word is a Codon, specifying a single amino acid in a Protein. Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethissunhat The sun was hot but the old man did not get his sun hat This sentence represents a gene. Each letter corresponds to a nucleotide base, and each word represents a codon. Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethissunhat Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethissunhat T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth iss unh at Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge thi ssu nha t Yes, there are! On rare occasions, a mutation can make an organism more likely to survive and reproduce. For example, a species of plant might produce a chemical with a scent that attracts pollinating flies. A mutation in one of the plants could make it produce a slightly different scent—one that is even more attractive to pollinators. This type of mutation would be beneficial to the plant. Mutations can have different affects: How bad can one change really be? How many amino acids would be effected if the mutation below occurred? CUUGAUACA CUUGAAACA How bad can one change really be? But what if . . . AUGCGUCCC UGACGUCCC However, most mutations don’t have an effect on an organism. How can that happen? For one thing, not all mutations lead to a different protein being made. There are more codons than there are amino acids. What would happen if the mRNA codon CUC were mutated to CUG? CGU were mutated to CGA? ACG were mutated to ACC? So, more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.