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Biolmolecules & Nutrition H Li He Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr K Ca Sc Rb Sr Ti Y V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Fr Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi I Po At Rn Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha C H Carbon N O Nitrogen Hydrogen P S Phosphorus Oxygen Xe Sulfur ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4) INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O) CO2 lipid protein nucleic acid water most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solutions carbohydrate excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water) • Nutrition = obtaining and processing materials needed for your daily activities • Nutrients are chemical substances in food that provide energy, build cells & tissues What are they made out of? Biomolecules 1. Carbohydrates (sugars) 2. Proteins 3. Lipids (fats) Other molecules needed by all living organisms: Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates (ose) • • • • Compound: C6H12O6 (made from simple sugars like glucose) Foods: fruits & veggies, grains, sweets Use: energy Organelles: mitochondria, vacuoles Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) are made by plants (autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of energy are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Glucose is a monosaccharide. C6 H12 O6 Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). Note the ring shape of the molecule. CH2OH H C H C OH OH C H O H H C C OH OH Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. glycogen--storage form of glucose in animals. stored in the liver. starch--storage form of glucose in plants cellulose--makes up the cell wall of plants, gives plant cells their rigidity chitin--make up exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc. CH2OH H C H C OH OH C H CH2OH CH2OH O H C OH H C H C O C H O OH C H H OH C H C H C O C H OH C H O H H C OH C OH Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. (disaccharide) What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? monosaccharide (simple sugars) What are the functions of carbohydrates? energy storage (short-term), structure or support Name examples of carbohydrates. glucose, starch, cellulose Lipids • • • • Compound: CHO (a.k.a. fat) Foods: butter, oils, margarine, lard, fried food Use: store energy, build cell membrane, chemical messengers Organelles: cell membrane, golgi bodies, vacuoles chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage water insoluble glycerol classified as saturated or unsaturated also steroids (serve as chemical messengers) examples: fats, oils, waxes made up of glycerol H H C O and fatty acids Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H What are the molecules that make up lipids? glycerol and fatty acids What are the functions of lipids? energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones Name examples of lipids. body fat, oils, waxes Proteins • • • • Compound: CHNO (made from amino acids) Foods: meat, beans and nuts Use: growth, cell reproduction, tissue repair, chemical reactions Organelles: ribosomes, chromosomes complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. 3D protein structure image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif contain C, O, H, N and usually S or P examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails are made up of an amino group a carboxyl group and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids H H N H O N H H C H N H O C C OH R H H C C OH H H O C C H C H H OH Alanine Serine OH What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids What are the functions of protein? structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions Name examples of proteins. muscles, hair, cartilage, nails Nucleic Acids • • • • Compound: DNA & RNA (made from sugar, phosphates and nitrogen bases) Foods: (All organisms contain DNA) Use: stores genetic information Organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast nucleotide nitrogen base sugar very large linear molecules contain C, H, N, O, P store genetic information, help to make proteins phosphate sugar nitrogen base phosphate made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base examples: DNA and RNA DNA molecule What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? nucleotides What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base What are the functions of nucleic acids? store genetic information, help to make proteins Name examples of nucleic acid. DNA, RNA Calorie = unit of energy Which nutrients have calories? Proteins: 1 gram = 4 cal Carbs: 1 gram = 4 cal Lipids: 1 gram = 9 cal Which is best? What does your body do with calories that you do not use? How do I know what nutrients are in my food? 1. What is the serving size? 2. This has almost 1/2 your daily needs of what nutrient? 3. Does this contain significant amounts of vitamins? 4. Is this a “healthy” option? Reagents • Carbohydrate tests – Iodine (Lugol’s reagent) • Tests for the presence of starch • Turns a purple black color when starch is present – Benedict’s reagent • Tests for the presence of sugar (monosaccharide) • Turns orange/red/yellow when a sugar is present Reagents • Protein test – Biuret’s reagent • Tests for the presence of a protein • Turns a purple (light)/ violet color • Lipid test – Sudan III • Turns red in the presence of a lipid – Spot test • Turns translucent Reagents • DNA tests – Methlyene blue • Clear solution that turns blue in the presence DNA Food Test Lab • With a lab partner, test 5 foods and water to see whether they contain carbs, proteins or lipids • Send one person from each group to get a small sample of each food in your test cups • Add a small amount of the indicators and record your observations (turn in one table per partnership)