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Dna and protein synthesis Proteins – where do they come from? Genetic transcription, translation and regulation. Proteins • You learned about these back in September – remember chemistry? (Ugh!!!!!) • Macromolecules • Made of amino acids • Peptide bonds join 50 – 3000 amino acids We get proteins from: • Plants make proteins by using materials made in photosynthesis • Animals eat those proteins to get the amino acids they need to make their own proteins. Or we eat animals that ate the plants (Whopper, please!) Amino acids These are amino acids with two different R-Groups R R Production of a polypeptide chain • Amino acid 1 is added to amino acid 2 by forming a peptide bond between them. • This continues at the ribosome until all the amino acids of a polypeptide are placed in the right order. Aa-1 Aa-2 Remember the pathway for making proteins in the cell? Two major steps of protein synthesis RNA and DNA Nucleotides Transcription - Dna codes for RNA transcription translation Central dogma - - - If the Dna code is this: TACGAGtTACATAAA what is the RNA code? AUGCUCAAUGUAUUU DNA codes for RNA codons, RNA codes for the protein Translation occurs at the ribosome when the tRNA brings the amino acid in the proper order as determined by the mRNA Mrna codons for the amino acids Removal of the introns (not needed) and splicing of the exons (expressed) part of the code A tRNA molecule showing its anticodon which complements mRNA’s codon and the amino acid attached to its opposite end Polysomes – many ribosomes moving along and reading the same mRNA molecule – they all make the same protein Ribosome structure with mRNA passing through and causing the creation of an amino acid chain (protein) The tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain is at the P site, while the next amino acid is brought to the A site by another tRNA. Initiation elongation termination • Occurs when the stop codon is reached. • The polypeptide chain is complete • The mRNA is either read by another ribosome or it is recycled so its nucleotides can be used again. • The ribosome large and small subunit falls apart from each other Transcription – DNA codes for RNA RNA processing Translation Initiation Translation - Elongation Translation - Termination Entire Translation Procedure Now the protein passes from the ribosome and moves into the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Do you remember what happens to it next? You should now understand this diagram. If you don’t, then you need to come in after school and go through this presentation on you own at your own speed.