Download Organization: The 6 Essential Elements

4 Main Organic
Compounds
II.
A.
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are organic compounds made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Many monosaccharides bond together forming a
larger compound chain called a carbohydrate
(polysaccharide).
II.
A.
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
Carbohydrates
In plants the
monosaccharide
called glucose
(C6H12O6) bonds
with other glucose
molecules again and
again to form starch
or cellulose.
II.
A.
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
Carbohydrates
The plant can use
starch as food
(like the “white” or
a potato) and
cellulose to build
the stem and
leaves.
II.
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
A.
Carbohydrates
In animals excess glucose
bond together to form a
compound (similar to
starch) called
glycogen which is
used for short-term
energy storage (or
long-term energy use).
Glycogen is found in
the liver and muscles.
Examples:

Monosaccharide
 Glucose
 Fructose
(in fruit)
 Galactose

Disaccharide
 Sucrose
(table sugar)
 Lactose (milk sugar)

Polysaccharide
 Starch
(in plants)
 Cellulose (in plants)
 Glycogen (in animals)
Functions of carbohydrates
1. Energy is released
when carbohydrates
are digested. This is
because glucose is
used for cellular
respiration.
Functions of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) provide an immediate
energy source (short-term energy use)
Starch and glycogen are considered short term energy
storages (or long-term energy use) because these
chemicals can be broken down over a period of
minutes, hours or days to provide glucose for energy.
Functions of carbohydrates
2. Some carbohydrates
are very stable and
can be used for
structure and
support in the cell
and body (cellulose
in the cell wall of
plant cells).
Functions of carbohydrates
3. Carbohydrate chains
on the surface of
cell membranes are
used as identifiers
(like name tags).
Fill It In …
3 functions of carbohydrates:
1.
2.
3.
Benedicts solution: simple sugar (monosaccaride).
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Benedict's solution is used to
test for simple carbohydrates.
Benedict's solution is a blue
colored liquid that contains
copper ions.
Iodine: Complex Sugar
(polysaccaride) Starch
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
B.
Lipids
There are several types of lipids, but all contain subunits of
glycerol and fatty acids made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. It is different from a carbohydrate because of the
ratio and because the smaller units do not link together to
form a chemical chain
Fill It In …

Drawing of lipid subunit:
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
B.
Lipids
Fats can be saturated
(usually solid at room
temperature) or
unsaturated (usually
liquid).
Phospholipids also contain
a phosphate group and
make up most of the cell
membrane.
Steroids are lipid rings and
help regulate the
organism through cell
communication (act as
hormones)
Functions of lipids
1. Because of the numerous
bonds and the way the
body stores lipids, they can
be used as very long-term
(weeks, months) energy
sources. (energy storage)
Ex. Bears accumulate a layer
of fat before winter
(when food will be less
available)
Functions of lipids
2. Fats stored in the body
act as insulation and
protection for internal
organs.
Functions of lipids
3. Some hormones are
composed of lipids
(steroids).
Fill It In …
3 functions of lipids:
1.
2.
3.
Lipid Test: Brown Bag
Check Yourself!
1. What three elements make up both
carbohydrates and lipids?
2. What function(s) do both carbohydrates and
lipids provide?
3. What is the subunit of both starch and
glycogen?
4. What are the two subunits found in all lipids?
Check Yourself!
1. What three elements make up both
carbohydrates and lipids? CHO
2. What function(s) do both carbohydrates and
lipids provide?
3. What is the subunit of both starch and
glycogen?
4. What are the two subunits found in all lipids?
Check Yourself!
1. What three elements make up both
carbohydrates and lipids? CHO
2. What function(s) do both carbohydrates and
lipids provide? ENERGY USE & ENERGY
STORAGE
3. What is the subunit of both starch and
glycogen?
4. What are the two subunits found in all lipids?
Check Yourself!
1. What three elements make up both
carbohydrates and lipids? CHO
2. What function(s) do both carbohydrates and
lipids provide? ENERGY USE & ENERGY
STORAGE
3. What is the subunit of both starch and
glycogen? GLUCOSE (MONOSACCHARIDE)
4. What are the two subunits found in all lipids?
Check Yourself!
1. What three elements make up both
carbohydrates and lipids? CHO
2. What function(s) do both carbohydrates and
lipids provide? ENERGY USE & ENERGY
STORAGE
3. What is the subunit of both starch and
glycogen? GLUCOSE (MONOSACCHARIDE)
4. What are the two subunits found in all lipids?
GLYCEROL & FATTY ACIDS
II.
A.
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides are
compounds made up
of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and
phosphorus. Many
nucleotides bond
together to make up a
long chain called a
nucleic acid. There
are two basic types of
nucleic acids:
II.
How does synthesis provide important organic
macromolecules using six essential elements?
DNA is a double chain of
nucleotides found in all
living cells.
RNA is a single chain of
nucleotides that
provides the structures
needed for the cell to
make proteins.
Functions of nucleic acids
1. DNA makes up the
genes. Genes
determine traits,
such as hair color.
Genes are passed
from parent to
offspring.
Functions of nucleic acids
2. DNA controls cellular
activities by controlling
the production of
proteins in response to
hormones and other
cellular signals.
Functions of nucleic acids
3. RNA is used in the production of proteins.
Fill It In …
3 Functions of Nucleic Acids:
1.
2.
3.
II.
How does synthesis provide important
organic macromolecules using six essential
elements?
D.
Proteins (made of CHON)
All six essential elements may be used in the production of
small subunits called amino acids. There are 20 different
amino acids, each with a specific side chain of chemicals.
Amino acids bond to other amino acids to form a long
chain called a protein. These chains of amino acids fold
into a particular shape. The shape of a protein will
determine its function.
II.
How does synthesis provide important
organic macromolecules using six essential
elements?
D.
Proteins
If a protein denatures (loses its shape) it can no longer
function.
Fill It In …
What happens when a protein “denatures”?
II.
How does synthesis provide important
organic macromolecules using six essential
elements?
Hemoglobin is a
protein shaped
to hold oxygen
for transport
through the
bloodstream.
II.
How does synthesis provide important
organic macromolecules using six essential
elements?
A group of proteins
called enzymes
are shaped to fit
and react with
specific
molecules.
Functions of proteins
1. Some proteins,
called pigments,
absorb and reflect
light. They also
create color by
reflecting light.

Ex. Chlorophyll
absorbs light to
gather energy for
photosynthesis,
and reflects the
color green
Functions of proteins
2.
Some proteins are
constructed by
cells to bind with
and inactivate
foreign particles in
the body. These
are called
antibodies.
Functions of proteins
3. Proteins may form
structures in an
organism – such as
keratin (a protein) in
hair and nails.
Protein also makes
muscle
Functions of protein
4. Some proteins are
used for transport
through the cell
membrane or in the
bloodstream (ex.
hemoglobin)
Functions of protein
5. Some proteins are used for
communication between cells. These
may be hormones (insulin) or
neurotransmitters. Insulin is secreted by
the pancreas and is required by the cells
of the body in order for them to remove
and use glucose from the blood. Insulin
can be used to treat diabetes.
Functions of protein
6. Enzymes (a special class of protein) act to speed
up chemical reactions, helping to maintain
homeostasis.
Protein: Biurets
Buiret solution is a blue liquid that
changes to purple when proteins are
present and to pink in the presence of
short chains of polypeptides. The
copper atom of the biuret solution
reacts with the peptide bonds to cause
the color change.
Fill It In …
The MAIN function of protein is …
(what do you think?)
Some specific types of proteins:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Check Yourself!
1. What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
2. What is the function of DNA?
3. What is the subunit of proteins?
4. What determines the function of a protein?
5. Which protein carries oxygen?
6. Name three functions of proteins.
Check Yourself!
1. What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDE
2. What is the function of DNA?
3. What is the subunit of proteins?
4. What determines the function of a protein?
5. Which protein carries oxygen?
6. Name three functions of proteins.
Check Yourself!
1. What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDE
2. What is the function of DNA?
GENETIC INFO/CONTROL CELL ACTIVITIES
3. What is the subunit of proteins?
4. What determines the function of a protein?
5. Which protein carries oxygen?
6. Name three functions of proteins.
Check Yourself!
1. What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDE
2. What is the function of DNA?
GENETIC INFO/CONTROL CELL ACTIVITIES
3. What is the subunit of proteins? AMINO ACID
4. What determines the function of a protein?
5. Which protein carries oxygen?
6. Name three functions of proteins.
Check Yourself!
1. What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDE
2. What is the function of DNA?
GENETIC INFO/CONTROL CELL ACTIVITIES
3. What is the subunit of proteins? AMINO ACID
4. What determines the function of a protein? SHAPE
5. Which protein carries oxygen?
6. Name three functions of proteins.
Check Yourself!
1. What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDE
2. What is the function of DNA?
GENETIC INFO/CONTROL CELL ACTIVITIES
3. What is the subunit of proteins? AMINO ACID
4. What determines the function of a protein? SHAPE
5. Which protein carries oxygen? HEMOGLOBIN
6. Name three functions of proteins.
Check Yourself!
1. What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDE
2. What is the function of DNA?
GENETIC INFO/CONTROL CELL ACTIVITIES
3. What is the subunit of proteins? AMINO ACID
4. What determines the function of a protein? SHAPE
5. Which protein carries oxygen? HEMOGLOBIN
6. Name three functions of proteins.
PIGMENT, PROTECTION (ANTIBODIES), STRUCTURE, TRANSPORT,
COMMUNICATION, REGULATION (ENZYMES)
Test for compounds
Benedicts solution: simple sugar (monosaccaride).
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Benedict's solution is used to
test for simple carbohydrates.
Benedict's solution is a blue
colored liquid that contains
copper ions.
Iodine: Complex Sugar
(polysaccaride) Starch
Lipid Test: Brown Bag
Sudan Red test for lipids
Sudan red is a fat-soluble
dye that stains lipids red.
Using Sudan red can show
the amount and the location
of lipids.
Protein: Biurets
Buiret solution is a blue liquid that
changes to purple when proteins are
present and to pink in the presence of
short chains of polypeptides. The
copper atom of the biuret solution
reacts with the peptide bonds to cause
the color change.
Foldable
(Standard)
Carbohydrates

Function:

 Glucose
 Quick
ENERGY
 Storage
 Support

2.

Benedicts- Complex
Sugars
Iodine- Simple Sugars
Examples:
 Bread
 Fructose

Polymer
 Starch
+Test:
1.
Monomer
Pasta Honey Fruit
 Cellulose
 Glycogen
Lipid


 Fatty
Acid
 Glycerol
Function:
 Long
term ENERGY
storage
 Insulation


+Test: Paper Bag
Examples:
 Oil
 Butter
 Mayo
Monomer

Polymer
 Oil
 Wax
 Phospholipids
Nucleic Acid

Function:
 Genetic


EVERYTHING! No test
Examples:
 DNA
 RNA
Monomer
 Nucleotide
Information
+Test:
 In


Polymer
 DNA
 RNA
Protein

Function:
 Control

Reactions
+Test:
 Biurets

Examples:
 ENZYMES
 Insulin
 Hemoglobin
 Pigments
 antibodies

Monomer
 Amino


Polymer
Protein
Acids