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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CHAPTER 10 section 4 1 Starting with DNA • DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the cytoplasm • In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins) • This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 2 RNA Differs from DNA • RNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose • RNA contains the base uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) • RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double-stranded 3 . Three Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes • Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized 4 Protein Synthesis The production or synthesis of proteins happens in two phases: Transcription & Translation DNA RNA Protein 5 Transcription • During transcription, RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a promoter on DNA and separates the DNA strands • A promoter is a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds and starts transcription. • RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA • Once the Polymerase reaches a terminal signal (the stop sign), the RNA polymerase releases the RNA and DNA 6 7 The Genetic Code • Three adjacent nucleotides (letters) in mRNA codes for a specific amino acid (word) • A codon designates an amino acid • An amino acid may have more than one codon • There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons • Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating 8 The Genetic Code •Use the code by reading from the center to the outside •Example: AUG codes for Methionine 9 http://learn.genetics.utah.e du/content/molecules/tran scribe/ Translation • Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain • Ribosomes read mRNA 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins • tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the codon binds and a peptide bond is formed between the two amino acids. • This process continues until a stop codon is reached. • The ribosome then falls apart. 10 Codons and Anticodons • The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon • Example: Codon ACU Anticodon UGA UGA ACU 11 http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animatio copyright cmassengale 12 n__how_translation_works.html PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ANIMATION http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=WgvnFYyJGZQ http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=itsb2SqR-R0 http://www.zerobio.com/drag_oa /protein/overview.htm 13