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Transcript
Basic Structure of a Cell 1 Unit 7 Cells Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Cell theory Compound light microscope Dissecting microscope Scanning electron microscope Compound electron microscope Scientific theory Scientific law Organelle Boundary Barrier Cytoplasm Nucleus Chromatin Microtubules 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Microfilaments Vocab on Lysosomes ISN 105, Cilia Concept Flagella Map w/ Ribosome Connectors Plasmid on ISN Cell wall 104. Cell membrane Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Chloroplast Vacuole 2 Purpose: List the biological levels of organization & provide examples of each level. • Write purpose on the top of ISN 106. • Cut handout on the line. The top part is your notes for today on ISN 107. The bottom part is for the notes on ISN 109. You can go ahead and paste them now so you are ready for tomorrow. • Make foldable using the instructions on the pink sheet at your table and then attach it under your purpose on ISN 106. 3 What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? 1. Made of CELLS 2. Require ENERGY (food) 3. REPRODUCE (species) 4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS 5. ORGANIZED 6. RESPOND to environment 7. GROW and DEVELOP 8. EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases) 4 Nonliving Levels ATOMS MACROMOLECULES ORGANELLES 5 Living Levels CELLS – life starts here TISSUES – Similar cells working together 6 More Living Levels ORGANS Different tissues working together ORGAN SYSTEMS Different organs working together ORGANISM 7 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Nonliving Levels: 1.ATOM (element) 2.MACROMOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) 3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …) 8 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: 1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms) 2.TISSUE (cells working together 3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) 4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) 5.ORGANISM 9 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels continued: 1.POPULATION (one species in an area) 2.COMMUNITY (several populations in an area 3.ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …) 4.BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…) 5.BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving things on Earth) 10 History of Cells & the Cell Theory Cell Specialization 11 Purpose: Describe the current cell theory & explain how continuous investigations by multiple scientists and new scientific information influenced the cell theory. • Write purpose at the top of ISN 108 • Notes Handout (from yesterday) goes on ISN 109. • Homework on ISN 108:Cell Theory & Scientists WKST 12 First to View Cells • In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls) • What he saw looked like small boxes 13 First to View Cells • Hooke is responsible for naming cells • Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells 14 Anton van Leeuwenhoek • In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things) • Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth 15 Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells • Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory 16 Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells • Schwann also cofounded the cell theory 17 Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing • He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division 18 CELL THEORY • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) • Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division) 19 Video Links • Cell Theory Song 20 Discoveries Since the Cell Theory 21 ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY • In 1970, American biologist, Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves • Supporting evidence included organelles with their own DNA • Chloroplast and Mitochondria 22 23 MICROSCOPES 24 Purpose: Compare and contrast the structure and function of various types of microscopes & explain how changes in microscopes lead to modern cell theory. • Write purpose at the top of ISN 110 • Notes Handout (from yesterday) goes on ISN 111. Other Microscope handout goes here also. • Homework on ISN 110: Microscope WKST 25 Microscopy and Measurement • Microscopes – produce an enlarged image of an object – Used to study organisms, cells, and cell parts – Increase in apparent size is called magnification – The ability to show details clearly is called resolution – Microscopes vary in both magnification and resolution 26 27 Compound Light Microscopes • Specimen mounted on a glass slide • Must be thinly sliced or very small • Pair of lenses – Ocular lens (eye piece) – Objective lens (nose piece) • Can be used to study LIVE specimens Illustration on p. 1113 28 • Magnification determined by multiplying power of both lenses • Eyepiece 10X times Objective power (20X, 40X…) • Highest Maximum magnification is around 1500X Letter “e” on slide under microscope How letter “e” appears when you look through the microscope 29 Electron Microscope • Transmission EM (TEM) – Uses a beam of electrons to produce an enlarged image of very thinly sliced specimen on screen or photographic plate – Image focused by magnetic lenses – 200,000X magnification – Cannot be used to view living specimens 30 Scanning EM (SEM) – 3D image – Specimens not sliced for viewing – Surface sprayed with fine metal coating – Also uses electron beam and fluorescent screen or photographic plates – 100,000X magnification – Can be used to view living specimens http://microscope youtube video 31 Cell Size and Types • Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope • Three Basic types of cells include: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 32 Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. 33 CELL SIZE Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter 34 Which Cell Type is Larger? Plant cell > _____________ Animal cell > ___________ bacteria _________ 35 How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ? 1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns 36 Multicellular Organisms • Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions) 37 Cell Specialization • Cells in a multicellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off • This is known as DIFFERENTIATION 38 Specialized Animal Cells Muscle cells Red blood cells Cheek cells 39 Simple or Complex Cells 40 Purpose: Compare and contrast the general structures found in prokaryotes & eukaryotes. • • • • Write purpose at the top of ISN 112 Notes Handout & POGIL goes on ISN 113. Homework on ISN 112: Draw 1 plant cell, 1 animal cell, & 1 prokaryotic (bacteria) cell on unlined paper. They must be labeled & colored. 1 drawing per page. These will be handed in on Wednesday and won’t be attached to ISN 112 until you get them back. • Organelles Rap 41 Prokaryotes – The first Cells • Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Includes bacteria • Simplest type of cell • Single, circular chromosome 42 Prokaryotes • Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA • Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan) • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins 43 Eukaryotes • Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membranebound organelles • Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals • More complex type of cells 44 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: • Nucleus • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm with organelles 45 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell 46 Organelles 47 Organelles • Very small (Microscopic) • Perform various functions for a cell • Found in the cytoplasm • May or may not be membranebound 48 Animal Cell Organelles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles 49 Plant Cell Organelles 50 Cell or Plasma Membrane • Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins • Surrounds outside of ALL cells • Controls what enters or leaves the cell • Living layer Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer 51 Phospholipids • Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are hydrophilic (attract water) • Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel water) • Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other • Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, & H2O to enter) 52 The Cell Membrane is Fluid Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing 53 Cell Membrane Proteins • Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition • Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer) • Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane 54 GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act as markers for cell recognition 55 Cell Membrane in Plants Cell membrane • Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells • Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape 56 Cell Wall • Nonliving layer • Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria • Made of cellulose in plants • Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria • Made of chitin in Fungi Cell wall 57 Cell Wall • Supports and protects cell • Found outside of the cell membrane 58 Cytoplasm of a Cell cytoplasm • Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane • Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place 59 More on Cytoplasm cytoplasm • Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs • Found in ALL cells 60 The Control Organelle - Nucleus • Controls the normal activities of the cell • Contains the DNA in chromosomes • Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores • Usually the largest organelle 61 More on the Nucleus Nucleus • Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes • Genes control cell characteristics 62 Nuclear Envelope • Double membrane surrounding nucleus • Also called nuclear membrane • Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus • Connected to the rough ER Nuclear pores 63 Inside the Nucleus The genetic material (DNA) is found DNA is spread out And appears as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells 64 What Does DNA do? DNA is the hereditary material of the cell Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins 65 Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli • Disappears when cell divides • Makes ribosomes that make proteins 66 Cytoskeleton • Helps cell maintain cell shape • Also help move organelles around • Made of proteins • Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN • Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN 67 Cytoskeleton MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS 68 Centrioles • Found only in animal cells • Paired structures near nucleus • Made of bundle of microtubules • Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle • Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell 69 Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) 70 Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) • “Powerhouse” of the cell • Generate cellular energy (ATP) • More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria • Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria • Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose) 71 MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical Reactions) Interior called MATRIX 72 Interesting Fact --• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization Therefore … • You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! 73 Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape 74 What do mitochondria do? “Power plant” of the cell Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) Stores energy as ATP 75 Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER • Network of hollow membrane tubules • Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane • Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH 76 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Has ribosomes on its surface • Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell 77 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface • They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported 78 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface • Is attached to the ends of rough ER • Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell 79 Functions of the Smooth ER • Makes membrane lipids (steroids) • Regulates calcium (muscle cells) • Destroys toxic substances (Liver) 80 Endomembrane System Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport) 81 Ribosomes • Made of PROTEINS and rRNA • “Protein factories” for cell • Join amino acids to make proteins • Process called protein synthesis 82 Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm 83 Golgi Bodies • Stacks of flattened sacs • Have a shipping side (trans face) and receiving side (cis face) • Receive proteins made by ER • Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends CIS TRANS Transport vesicle 84 Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell 85 Golgi 86 Golgi Animation Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES 87 Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells • Programmed for cell death (AUTOLYSIS) • Lyse (break open) & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) 88 Lysosome Digestion • Cells take in food by phagocytosis • Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes 89 Cilia & Flagella • Made of protein tubes called microtubules • Microtubules arranged (9 + 2 arrangement) • Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface 90 Cilia & Flagella • Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells • Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells 91 Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella 92 Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs Respiratory System 93 Vacuoles • Fluid filled sacks for storage • Small or absent in animal cells • Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole • No vacuoles in bacterial cells 94 Vacuoles • In plants, they store Cell Sap • Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes 95 Contractile Vacuole • Found in unicellular protists like paramecia • Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis) • Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting) Contractile vacuole animation 96 Chloroplasts • Found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyll) • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) • Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars 97 Chloroplasts • Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane • Outer membrane smooth • Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids • Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected • Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids 98 Chloroplasts • Contains its own DNA • Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis • Never in animal or bacterial cells • Photosynthesis – food making process 99 Purpose: Compare and contrast the general structures of plant & animal cells. • Write purpose at the top of ISN 114. • Notes Handout goes on ISN 115. • Homework on ISN 114: 100 • Cells are the basic units of function in all living things. • Cells in animals and plants have unique forms that allow each to take part in processes that are necessary for the cell and or/living thing to survive. Let’s take a closer look at the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells. Explain if this is a plant or animal cell. Write down any characteristics to support your decision. Explain if this a plant or animal cell. Write down any characteristics to support your decision. Plant Cell Animal cell Now that you have seen pictures of the cells, exactly what are the organelles? • Organelles are to cells what organs are to the body. • Carry out the individual tasks of gaining and working with energy, as well as directing the overall behavior of the cells. • Let’s familiarize yourself with the organelles of the animal and plant cell. Organelles : Function : Nucleus: Contains the DNA and RNA and manufactures proteins Nucleolus: In nuclei where ribosomes are synthesized. Nuclear Envelope: Membrane of lipids and proteins that surrounds nucleus Centrioles: structure that appears during mitosis(cell division) Mitochondria: Energy producers of the cell Ribosomes: Produce proteins Organelles Function Golgi Bodies: Packages Proteins Chloroplasts: Involved in photosynthesis Vacuoles: Store waste, nutrients, and water Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes, mostly in animal cells Endoplasmic Reticulum: Passageway that transports proteins from the nucleus ***Rough ER covered in ribosomes, Smooth ER is not! While not exactly organelles, the following are important parts of the cells: • Cell membrane: Semi-permeable lining that surrounds the cell • Cell Wall: Is a stiff non-living wall that surrounds the cell membrane made of cellulose • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like material surrounding the organelles Animal and Plant cells have many similarities. Can you write the organelles and cell parts they both have in common. Similarities • Both contain: • Nucleus, Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomeswhich carry the genes or the DNA. • Cytoplasm • Mitochondria • Cell membranes • Any others? Animal and plant cells are also different. Can you explain four reasons as to how plant cells are different from animal cells? Differences • Plant cells have non-living rigid cell walls. • Plant cells contain chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll, a green chemical needed for photosynthesis. • Plant cells contain 1 or 2 large vacuole; animal cells only contain small vacuoles. • Plant cells are regular in shape; animal cells are irregular in shape. These go with unit 8 114 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? 115 Factors Affecting Cell Size • Surface area (plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width (L x W) • Volume of a cell is determined by multiplying length times width times height (L x W x H) • Therefore, Volume increases FASTER than the surface area 116 Cell Size • When the surface area is no longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water, then the cell must divide • Therefore, the cells of an organism are close in size 117 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? About the same size, but … The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse! 118 119