Download Chapter 3 The Basic Structure of a Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell
1
Unit 7 Cells Vocabulary
1.
2.
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6.
7.
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10.
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14.
Cell theory
Compound light microscope
Dissecting microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Compound electron microscope
Scientific theory
Scientific law
Organelle
Boundary
Barrier
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chromatin
Microtubules
15.
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27.
28.
Microfilaments
Vocab on
Lysosomes
ISN 105,
Cilia
Concept
Flagella
Map w/
Ribosome
Connectors
Plasmid
on ISN
Cell wall
104.
Cell membrane
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Vacuole
2
Purpose: List the biological levels
of organization & provide
examples of each level.
• Write purpose on the top of ISN 106.
• Cut handout on the line. The top part is
your notes for today on ISN 107. The
bottom part is for the notes on ISN 109.
You can go ahead and paste them now so
you are ready for tomorrow.
• Make foldable using the instructions on the
pink sheet at your table and then attach it
under your purpose on ISN 106.
3
What Are the Main
Characteristics of organisms?
1. Made of CELLS
2. Require ENERGY (food)
3. REPRODUCE (species)
4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS
5. ORGANIZED
6. RESPOND to environment
7. GROW and DEVELOP
8. EXCHANGE materials with surroundings
(water, wastes, gases)
4
Nonliving Levels
ATOMS
 MACROMOLECULES 
ORGANELLES
5
Living Levels

CELLS – life
starts here

TISSUES – Similar cells
working together
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More Living Levels
ORGANS
Different tissues
working together

ORGAN
SYSTEMS
Different organs
working together

ORGANISM
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Nonliving Levels:
1.ATOM (element)
2.MACROMOLECULE (compounds like
carbohydrates & proteins)
3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …)
8
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
2.TISSUE (cells working together
3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory,
circulatory …)
5.ORGANISM
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
1.POPULATION (one species in an area)
2.COMMUNITY (several populations in
an area
3.ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …)
4.BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain
forest…)
5.BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving
things on Earth)
10
History of Cells & the
Cell Theory
Cell
Specialization
11
Purpose: Describe the current cell theory
& explain how continuous investigations
by multiple scientists and new scientific
information influenced the cell theory.
• Write purpose at the top of ISN 108
• Notes Handout (from yesterday) goes on ISN 109.
• Homework on ISN 108:Cell Theory & Scientists WKST
12
First to View Cells
• In 1665, Robert
Hooke used a
microscope to
examine a thin
slice of cork
(dead plant cell
walls)
• What he saw
looked like small
boxes
13
First to View Cells
• Hooke is
responsible for
naming cells
• Hooke called them
“CELLS” because
they looked like
the small rooms
that monks lived in
called Cells
14
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• In 1673,
Leeuwenhoek (a
Dutch microscope
maker), was first to
view organism (living
things)
• Leeuwenhoek used a
simple, handheld
microscope to view
pond water &
scrapings from his
teeth
15
Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1838, a
German botanist
named Matthias
Schleiden
concluded that all
plants were made
of cells
• Schleiden is a
cofounder of the
cell theory
16
Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1839, a
German zoologist
named Theodore
Schwann
concluded that
all animals were
made of cells
• Schwann also
cofounded the
cell theory
17
Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1855, a German
medical doctor named
Rudolph Virchow
observed, under the
microscope, cells
dividing
• He reasoned that all
cells come from other
pre-existing cells by
cell division
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CELL THEORY
• All living things are
made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in an organism
(basic unit of life)
• Cells come from the
reproduction of existing
cells (cell division)
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Video Links
• Cell Theory Song
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Discoveries
Since the Cell
Theory
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ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
• In 1970, American
biologist, Lynn Margulis,
provided evidence that some
organelles within cells were
at one time free living cells
themselves
• Supporting evidence included
organelles with their own
DNA
• Chloroplast and
Mitochondria
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MICROSCOPES
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Purpose: Compare and contrast the structure and
function of various types of microscopes & explain
how changes in microscopes lead to modern cell
theory.
• Write purpose at the top of ISN 110
• Notes Handout (from yesterday) goes on ISN 111.
Other Microscope handout goes here also.
• Homework on ISN 110: Microscope WKST
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Microscopy and Measurement
• Microscopes – produce an enlarged
image of an object
– Used to study organisms, cells, and cell parts
– Increase in apparent size is called
magnification
– The ability to show details clearly is called
resolution
– Microscopes vary in both magnification and
resolution
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Compound Light Microscopes
• Specimen mounted
on a glass slide
• Must be thinly
sliced or very small
• Pair of lenses
– Ocular lens (eye
piece)
– Objective lens (nose
piece)
• Can be used to study
LIVE specimens
Illustration on p. 1113
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• Magnification determined by multiplying power
of both lenses
• Eyepiece 10X times Objective power (20X,
40X…)
• Highest Maximum magnification is around
1500X
Letter “e” on slide
under microscope
How letter “e”
appears when
you look through
the microscope
29
Electron Microscope
• Transmission EM (TEM)
– Uses a beam of electrons
to produce an enlarged
image of very thinly sliced
specimen on screen or
photographic plate
– Image focused by magnetic
lenses
– 200,000X magnification
– Cannot be used to view
living specimens
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Scanning EM (SEM)
– 3D image
– Specimens not sliced for
viewing
– Surface sprayed with
fine metal coating
– Also uses electron beam
and fluorescent screen
or photographic plates
– 100,000X magnification
– Can be used to view
living specimens
http://microscope youtube
video
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Cell Size and Types
• Cells, the basic units of organisms, can
only be observed under microscope
• Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
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Number of Cells
Although ALL living things are made of
cells, organisms may be:
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells
that may organize into tissues, etc.
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CELL SIZE
Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns)
in diameter
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Which Cell Type is Larger?
Plant cell > _____________
Animal cell > ___________
bacteria
_________
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How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?
1 cm = 10,000 microns
1” = 25,000 microns
36
Multicellular Organisms
• Cells in multicellular organisms often
specialize (take on different shapes &
functions)
37
Cell Specialization
• Cells in a multicellular organism
become specialized
by turning different
genes on and off
• This is known as
DIFFERENTIATION
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Specialized Animal Cells
Muscle cells
Red blood cells
Cheek cells
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Simple or Complex
Cells
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Purpose: Compare and contrast the
general structures found in prokaryotes
& eukaryotes.
•
•
•
•
Write purpose at the top of ISN 112
Notes Handout & POGIL goes on ISN 113.
Homework on ISN 112:
Draw 1 plant cell, 1 animal cell, & 1 prokaryotic
(bacteria) cell on unlined paper. They must be labeled &
colored. 1 drawing per page. These will be handed in on
Wednesday and won’t be attached to ISN 112 until you
get them back.
• Organelles Rap
41
Prokaryotes – The first Cells
• Cells that lack a nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria
• Simplest type of cell
• Single, circular chromosome
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Prokaryotes
• Nucleoid region
(center) contains
the DNA
• Surrounded by cell
membrane & cell
wall (peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) in
their cytoplasm to
make proteins
43
Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a
nucleus and membranebound organelles
• Includes protists,
fungi, plants, and
animals
• More complex type of
cells
44
Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Organelles
47
Organelles
• Very small (Microscopic)
• Perform various functions for a
cell
• Found in the cytoplasm
• May or may not be membranebound
48
Animal Cell Organelles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
49
Plant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and
proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells
• Controls what enters or leaves the cell
• Living layer
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
51
Phospholipids
• Heads contain glycerol &
phosphate and are hydrophilic
(attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids
and are hydrophobic (repel
water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails
point inward toward each other
• Can move laterally to allow
small molecules (O2, CO2, &
H2O to enter)
52
The Cell Membrane is Fluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving
and changing
53
Cell Membrane Proteins
• Proteins help move large
molecules or aid in cell
recognition
• Peripheral proteins are
attached on the surface
(inner or outer)
• Integral proteins are
embedded completely
through the membrane
54
GLYCOPROTEINS
Recognize
“self”
Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act
as markers for cell recognition
55
Cell Membrane in Plants
Cell membrane
• Lies immediately
against the cell
wall in plant cells
• Pushes out
against the cell
wall to maintain
cell shape
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Cell Wall
• Nonliving layer
• Found in plants,
fungi, & bacteria
• Made of cellulose in
plants
• Made of
peptidoglycan in
bacteria
• Made of chitin in
Fungi
Cell wall
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Cell Wall
• Supports and
protects cell
• Found outside of the
cell membrane
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Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm
• Jelly-like
substance enclosed
by cell membrane
• Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
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More on Cytoplasm
cytoplasm
• Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
• Found in ALL cells
60
The Control Organelle - Nucleus
• Controls the normal
activities of the cell
• Contains the DNA in
chromosomes
• Bounded by a
nuclear envelope
(membrane) with
pores
• Usually the largest
organelle
61
More on the Nucleus
Nucleus
• Each cell has fixed
number of
chromosomes that
carry genes
• Genes control cell
characteristics
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Nuclear Envelope
• Double membrane surrounding
nucleus
• Also called nuclear membrane
• Contains nuclear pores for
materials to enter & leave
nucleus
• Connected to the rough ER
Nuclear
pores
63
Inside the Nucleus The genetic material (DNA) is found
DNA is spread out
And appears as
CHROMATIN
in non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed &
wrapped around proteins
forming
as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
64
What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA
molecule code for different
proteins
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Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Cell may have 1
to 3 nucleoli
• Disappears when
cell divides
• Makes ribosomes
that make
proteins
66
Cytoskeleton
• Helps cell maintain cell
shape
• Also help move
organelles around
• Made of proteins
• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of
ACTIN
• Microtubules are
tubelike & made of
TUBULIN
67
Cytoskeleton
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
68
Centrioles
• Found only in animal
cells
• Paired structures near
nucleus
• Made of bundle of
microtubules
• Appear during cell
division forming mitotic
spindle
• Help to pull chromosome
pairs apart to opposite
ends of the cell
69
Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
70
Mitochondrion
(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy
(ATP)
• More active cells like
muscle cells have MORE
mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells
have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning
glucose)
71
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE
membrane
Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane
called CRISTAE
(increases surface area
for more chemical
Reactions)
Interior called MATRIX
72
Interesting Fact --• Mitochondria
Come from
cytoplasm in the
EGG cell during
fertilization
Therefore …
• You inherit your
mitochondria
from your
mother!
73
Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
74
What do mitochondria do?
“Power plant”
of the cell
Burns glucose to
release energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
75
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
• Network of hollow membrane tubules
• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell
membrane
• Functions in Synthesis of cell products &
Transport
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
76
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough
ER)
• Has ribosomes
on its surface
• Makes
membrane
proteins and
proteins for
EXPORT out of
cell
77
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough ER)
• Proteins are made
by ribosomes on ER
surface
• They are then
threaded into the
interior of the
Rough ER to be
modified and
transported
78
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes on its
surface
• Is attached to the
ends of rough ER
• Makes cell products
that are USED
INSIDE the cell
79
Functions of the Smooth ER
• Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)
• Regulates calcium
(muscle cells)
• Destroys toxic
substances
(Liver)
80
Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected
to cell membrane (transport)
81
Ribosomes
• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
• “Protein factories” for cell
• Join amino acids to make proteins
• Process called protein synthesis

82
Ribosomes
Can be attached to
Rough ER
OR
Be free
(unattached)
in the
cytoplasm
83
Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Have a shipping side
(trans face) and
receiving side (cis face)
• Receive proteins made
by ER
• Transport vesicles with
modified proteins pinch
off the ends
CIS
TRANS
Transport
vesicle
84
Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
85
Golgi
86
Golgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER
to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES
87
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food,
bacteria, and worn out
cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell
death (AUTOLYSIS)
• Lyse (break open) &
release enzymes to
break down & recycle
cell parts)
88
Lysosome Digestion
• Cells take in
food by
phagocytosis
• Lysosomes
digest the food
& get rid of
wastes
89
Cilia & Flagella
• Made of protein tubes
called microtubules
• Microtubules arranged
(9 + 2 arrangement)
• Function in moving
cells, in moving fluids,
or in small particles
across the cell surface
90
Cilia & Flagella
• Cilia are
shorter and
more numerous
on cells
• Flagella are
longer and
fewer (usually
1-3) on cells
91
Cell Movement with Cilia &
Flagella
92
Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from
the Lungs
Respiratory System
93
Vacuoles
• Fluid filled
sacks for
storage
• Small or absent
in animal cells
• Plant cells have
a large Central
Vacuole
• No vacuoles in
bacterial cells
94
Vacuoles
• In plants, they store
Cell Sap
• Includes storage of
sugars, proteins,
minerals, lipids,
wastes, salts, water,
and enzymes
95
Contractile Vacuole
• Found in unicellular
protists like
paramecia
• Regulate water intake
by pumping out excess
(homeostasis)
• Keeps the cell from
lysing (bursting)
Contractile vacuole animation
96
Chloroplasts
• Found only in producers
(organisms containing
chlorophyll)
• Use energy from
sunlight to make own
food (glucose)
• Energy from sun
stored in the Chemical
Bonds of Sugars
97
Chloroplasts
• Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane
• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane modified
into sacs called
Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks
called Grana &
interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material
surrounding thylakoids
98
Chloroplasts
• Contains its own
DNA
• Contains enzymes
& pigments for
Photosynthesis
• Never in animal
or bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis –
food making
process
99
Purpose: Compare and contrast the
general structures of plant & animal
cells.
• Write purpose at the top of ISN 114.
• Notes Handout goes on ISN 115.
• Homework on ISN 114:
100
• Cells are the basic units of function in all
living things.
• Cells in animals and plants have unique
forms that allow each to take part in
processes that are necessary for the cell
and or/living thing to survive.
Let’s take a closer look at the similarities
and differences between animal and plant
cells.
Explain if this is a plant or animal
cell. Write down any characteristics
to support your decision.
Explain if this a plant or animal cell.
Write down any characteristics to
support your decision.
Plant Cell
Animal cell
Now that you have seen pictures of
the cells, exactly what are the
organelles?
• Organelles are to cells what organs are
to the body.
• Carry out the individual tasks of gaining
and working with energy, as well as
directing the overall behavior of the
cells.
• Let’s familiarize yourself with the
organelles of the animal and plant cell.
Organelles :
Function :
Nucleus:
Contains the DNA and RNA and manufactures
proteins
Nucleolus:
In nuclei where ribosomes are
synthesized.
Nuclear Envelope: Membrane of lipids and
proteins that surrounds nucleus
Centrioles: structure that appears during
mitosis(cell division)
Mitochondria: Energy producers of the cell
Ribosomes: Produce proteins
Organelles
Function
Golgi Bodies: Packages Proteins
Chloroplasts: Involved in photosynthesis
Vacuoles: Store waste, nutrients, and water
Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes, mostly in
animal cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Passageway that transports
proteins from the nucleus
***Rough ER covered in ribosomes,
Smooth ER is not!
While not exactly
organelles, the following are
important parts of the cells:
• Cell membrane: Semi-permeable lining that
surrounds the cell
• Cell Wall: Is a stiff non-living wall that surrounds
the cell membrane made of cellulose
• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like material surrounding the
organelles
Animal and Plant cells have
many similarities. Can you
write the organelles and cell
parts they both have in
common.
Similarities
• Both contain:
• Nucleus, Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomeswhich carry the genes or the DNA.
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Cell membranes
• Any others?
Animal and plant cells are also
different. Can you explain
four reasons as to how plant
cells are different from animal
cells?
Differences
• Plant cells have non-living rigid cell walls.
• Plant cells contain chloroplasts which
contain chlorophyll, a green chemical
needed for photosynthesis.
• Plant cells contain 1 or 2 large vacuole;
animal cells only contain small vacuoles.
• Plant cells are regular in shape; animal cells
are irregular in shape.
These go with unit 8
114
Cell Size
Question:
Are the cells in an elephant
bigger, smaller, or about the
same size as those in a
mouse?
115
Factors Affecting Cell Size
• Surface area (plasma membrane
surface) is determined by multiplying
length times width (L x W)
• Volume of a cell is determined by
multiplying length times width times
height (L x W x H)
• Therefore, Volume increases FASTER
than the surface area
116
Cell Size
• When the surface area is no
longer great enough to get rid of
all the wastes and to get in
enough food and water, then the
cell must divide
• Therefore, the cells of an
organism are close in size
117
Cell Size
Question:
Are the cells in an elephant
bigger, smaller, or about the
same size as those in a mouse?
About the same size, but …
The elephant has MANY MORE cells
than a mouse!
118
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