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DNA The many names Uncoiled DNA • Interphase G1- Single strand Chromatin S- during synthesis Double strand Coiled DNA • Chromosomes Centromers Central dot in the middle of Chromosome Kintochore Top of centromere where the Spindle fiber attach Splitting of DNA • Chromatids are the two different color pieces of DNA. They are exact copies of an original DNA strand. Homologous • Chromosomes in all Plants and animals have pairs. The pairs are the same shape and height. Humans have 23 homologous chromosomes. Autosomal Chromosomes Any chromosome except for the sex chromosomes. Humans have 44 autosomal chromosomes Segregation • Chromosome segregation is a step in cell reproduction or division, where chromosomes pair off with their similar homologous chromosome. • Chromosomes find their homologous pair and line up at the equator (middle of the cell). Tetrad Tetrads are the homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell during Metaphase. Karyotype • All of the homologous chromosomes organized form tallest to smallest with the sex chromosomes at the end. Mutations • Mutations that happen to the Chromosomes in sex cells can be passed down to the next generation. • This would be a change in the genetic code. • ATGTTCACCTG • ATGTTGGCCTG Crossing over • Two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information. This increases genetic diversity. Gene Jumping • sequences of DNA that can move or transpose themselves to new positions within the genome of a single cell. Deletion • part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome Full or half empty • Diploid- A cell that has a full compliment of Chromosomes. Such as humans having 46. Haploid- Only happens during sex cell division. The total number of chromosomes are cut in half. Humans 23 Gametes • Haploid cells that combine during fertilization. Male sex cell is the sperm and the female sex cell is the egg. Independent assortment • This occurs because there are various ways that chromosomes may be aligned in metaphase. All the gametes are different.