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DNA
The many names
Uncoiled DNA
• Interphase
G1- Single strand
Chromatin
S- during synthesis Double strand
Coiled DNA
• Chromosomes
Centromers
Central dot
in the middle of Chromosome
Kintochore
Top of centromere where the
Spindle fiber attach
Splitting of DNA
• Chromatids are the two different color
pieces of DNA. They are exact copies of
an original DNA strand.
Homologous
• Chromosomes in all Plants and animals
have pairs. The pairs are the same shape
and height. Humans have 23 homologous
chromosomes.
Autosomal Chromosomes
Any chromosome
except for the sex
chromosomes.
Humans have 44
autosomal
chromosomes
Segregation
• Chromosome segregation is a step in
cell reproduction or division, where
chromosomes pair off with their similar
homologous chromosome.
• Chromosomes find their homologous pair
and line up at the equator (middle of the
cell).
Tetrad
Tetrads are the homologous pairs line up in
the middle of the cell during Metaphase.
Karyotype
• All of the homologous chromosomes
organized form tallest to smallest with the
sex chromosomes at the end.
Mutations
• Mutations that happen to the
Chromosomes in sex cells can be passed
down to the next generation.
• This would be a change in the genetic
code.
• ATGTTCACCTG
• ATGTTGGCCTG
Crossing over
• Two homologous
chromosomes exchange
genetic information.
This increases genetic
diversity.
Gene Jumping
• sequences of DNA that can move or
transpose themselves to new positions
within the genome of a single cell.
Deletion
• part of a chromosome or
a sequence of DNA is
missing. Any number of
nucleotides can be deleted,
from a single base to an
entire piece of chromosome
Full or half empty
• Diploid- A cell that has a
full compliment of
Chromosomes. Such
as humans having
46.
Haploid- Only happens during sex cell
division. The total number of
chromosomes are cut in half. Humans 23
Gametes
• Haploid cells that combine during
fertilization. Male sex cell is the sperm
and the female sex cell is the egg.
Independent assortment
• This occurs because there are various
ways that chromosomes may be aligned in
metaphase. All the gametes are different.