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Transcript
Eukaryotic Cell Structure Chapter 7.2 The Eukaryotic Cell • Divided into two major parts: 1. The nucleus 2. The cytoplasm Portion of the cell outside the nucleus Contains the organelles Organelles • Functional components of the cell Each carries out a specific job Determines the job of the cell Work together to make the cell function • Typically surrounded by a membrane – Same membrane structure that surrounds the cell – Allows incorporation between organelles and the cell membrane How these notes work • Red = Cell structure • Green = Function • Purple = Other information • Picture = Structure (separate slide) The Nucleus • The nucleus holds nearly all of the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules • control center of the cell – Surrounded by a double membrane with pores in it nuclear envelope outer boundary of the nucleus • Houses genetic material and nucleolus – Genetic material = DNA and proteins – Nucleolus makes ribosomes The Nucleus Genetic Material • Chromatin – Tangles mass of protein and DNA • Chromosome – Highly organized and compact mass of protein and DNA Chromatin becomes a chromosome before cell division Chromatin Chromosome Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Composed of RNA and protein Can be attached or free-floating Most common organelle - found in prokaryotes as well Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • The site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled; along with proteins and other materials that re exported from the cell • Two types – Smooth ER – no ribosomes attached to it Contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks (makes membrane lipids and detoxifies drugs) – Rough ER – has ribosomes attached to it Portion of ER where protein synthesis occurs – Newly made proteins enter the ER and are modified Golgi Apparatus • The function of the Golgi Apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell Lysosomes Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes – Digestion of macromolecules into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell – Breakdown of organelles that have outlived their usefulness – Cell suicide organelles Lysosomes Vacuoles Store materials such as water, salts, proteins, or carbohydrates – One large vacuole is found in plant cells • Allows the plant to grow tall – Found in some single celled organisms and in some animals • Used to control the amount of water in the organism – Homeostatic mechanism Mitochondria Convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use – Enclosed by two membranes • Inner membrane is highly folded – Called cristae • FYI = All mitochondria come from your mother Chloroplast Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis • Mostly found in plants (some other single celled organisms) – Surrounded by two membranes • Highly stacked internal membrane – Called the thylakoid – Holds chlorophyll Mitochondria and Chloroplast • Both contain their own DNA • Endosymbiotic theory – Lynn Margolis suggested that ancient mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotes • Created a symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotes Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments that help the cell to maintain its shape – Also involved in movement • Principle protein filaments – Microfilaments – Microtubules Centrioles / Cilia / Flagella • Centrioles, cilia, and flagella are all made of microtubules • Centrioles Help to organize cell division • Only in animal cells • Cilia / Flagella Hair-like projections that enable cells to “swim” in a liquid environment