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Transcript
THE CELL Breaks down macromolecules Releases energy from food Synthesis of cell parts Produces proteins 1st Cells Examined 1600’s Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1665 Robert Hooke 1830’s Schleiden & Schwann CELL THEORY 17TH Century to 1830’s 3 Main Ideas 1. 2. 3. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells. Cell is basic unit of organization. All cells come from pre-existing cells. TWO BASIC CELL TYPES DEPENDING ON THEIR INTERNAL ORGANIZATION PROKARYOTIC Organism with a cell that lacks internal structures surrounded by membranes. Most are single celled organisms. EUKARYOTIC Organism that has cells containing internal membrane-bound structures/organelles. Single or many cells. ORGANELLES Enclosed by a membrane isolating it from the rest of the cell. Largest = Nucleus EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES Boundaries and Control Plasma Membrane-Boundary between cell and the external environment. 2 layers: Lipid and Protein Controls movement of materials in and out of cell. Helps chemical balance. Flexible Cell Wall-External boundary outside the plasma membrane. Relatively inflexible structure Plants, Fungi, and most Bacteria Plant cell walls contain cellulose molecules Nucleus- Organelle that manages cell functions. Contains DNA Surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Envelope Attachment sites for DNA organization Outer surface has Ribosomes Large pores for materials transportation Chromatin- Long tangled strands of DNA Forms chromosomes Nucleolus-Region that produces tiny cell particles involved in protein synthesis. Contains RNA Produces ribosomes RIBOSOMES: Site where the cell assembles enzymes and other proteins. Considered organelles but are not bounded by a membrane. Assembly, Transport, and Storage A major function of most cells is to make proteins and other materials. Many cells are involved in protein synthesis. Also involved in storage of materials. Cytoplasm: Material that lies outside the nucleus and surrounds the organelles. Most of assembly and storage takes place (protein assembly) Clear, gel-like fluid Makes up more than half the volume of a typical animal cell Endoplasmic Reticulum:folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments. Occupies most of the cytoplasm Provide a large surface area where chemical reactions take place Contains enzyme for lipid synthesis Rough ER vs. Smooth ER Functions as cell’s delivery system Protein Assembly (ribosomes) Structures for Storage Golgi apparatus- A series of closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs that receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes them to the plasma membrane and other cell organelles. Vesicles- Small membrane bound transport packages that transfer protein from ER to Golgi apparatus. Structures for Storage (cont.) Vacuole- Sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane used for temporary storage. Single celled organisms = specialized Plants = 1 large vacuole Animals = many smaller vacuoles (store food, enzymes, & sometimes waste products) Structures for Storage (cont) Lysosomes-Organelles that contain digestive enzymes Digest excess or worn out cell parts Digest food particles Invade viruses and bacteria Organelles that Transform Energy Mitochondria – organelle in which food molecules are broken down to release energy. (Powerhouse of the cell) Found in every cell in varying numbers (Liver = 2500/cell) Rod shaped Inner membrane forms Cristae (long narrow folds) where energy storing molecules are produced. LYSOSOME RICH DIGESTIVE ENZYME USED TO BREAKDOWN FOOD AND MATERIAL. Clean up crew VACUOLE Storage bubble. Holds food, materials, and waste. Enters through ENDOCYTOSIS Exits through EXOCYTOSIS PLASTIDS-Plant organelles used for storage. Storage of: Starches Lipids Pigments Named according to their color or pigment they contain. Green of leaves Bright colors of flowers and fruits Chloroplasts- organelles of green plants that transform light energy directly into usable chemical energy and store that energy in food molecules. Chlorophyll- A green pigment that traps the energy from sunlight. Structures for Support Cytoskeleton- A network of thin, fibrous elements that provide support for organelles. Microtubules- thin, hollow cylinders made of protein Microfilaments- thin, solid protein fibers Structures for Movement Cilia- short, numerous, hairlike projections out of the plasma membrane. Occur in large numbers on cell’s surface Found in upper respiratory tract Structures for Movement cont. Flagella – Long, threadlike structures that move with a whiplike motion. Sperm cells Cellular Organization Unicellular = Single-celled organisms All metabolic functions preformed by a single Cellular Organization cont. Multicellular = Many celled organisms. Specialized to perform distinct metabolic functions. Cell depend on each other to carry out life functions Multicellular Organization TISSUE = Group of cells function together to perform an activity Cell junctions = contact sites between adjacent cells Anchor cells together Allow cells to communicate Muscle and nerve tissues Stems and roots Cellular Organization cont. Organs = Groups of two or more tissues that function together. Stomach Leaves Cellular Organization cont. Organ System = A group of organs that work together to carry out major life functions. Nervous system Flower of a plant