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Transcript
Cell Structure and Function Cells • Smallest living unit • Most are microscopic Cell Size Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio Characteristics of All Cells • Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) • Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid • Control center with DNA Cell Types • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells • First cell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotic Cells • No membrane bound nucleus • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration • Organelles not bound by membranes Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus bound by membrane • Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells • Possess many organelles Protozoan Representative Animal Cell Representative Plant Cell Cytoplasm • Viscous fluid containing organelles • components of cytoplasm – – – – Interconnected filaments & fibers Fluid = cytosol Organelles (not nucleus) storage substances Nucleus • Double membrane filled with nucleoplasm • Control center of cell • Houses and protects cell’s genetic info • Control’s cells functions DNA • Hereditary material • Chromosomes – DNA and protein – Only visible when cell is dividing (but present all the time) Nuclear Envelope and Pores • Double membrane • Separates nucleus from rest of cell • Has pores • Allows only certain materials to enter and exit nucleus Nucleolus • Dark dense area inside nucleus • Where DNA is concentrated when making ribosomal RNA Cell (Plasma) Membrane • Double layer of phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol • Contains cell contents • Controls what enters/exits the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum • Helps move substances within cells • Network of interconnected membranes • Two types – Rough endoplasmic reticulum – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes attached to surface • Helps to move proteins around cell • May modify proteins from ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No attached ribosomes • Helps to make lipids • Detoxifies and breaks down harmful chemicals Ribosomes • Attached to ER or free floating in cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus • Stack of flattened membranes • Packaging & shipping station of cell • Proteins go here after leaving ER and are modified and shipped out of cell in small sacs called vesicles Lysosomes • Small sac-like structures • Contain digestive enzymes • Functions – Recycling centers – Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders • Found in animal cells Peroxisomes • • • • Small sac-like structures Abundantly found in liver and kidneys Help to detoxify Names for the hydrogen peroxide they produce as a waste from their reactions. Mitochondria • Break down sugars and fats in cellular respiration and release energy in the form of ATP • Cells that need more energy have more Mitochondria • Has its own DNA (endosymbiotic theory) Cytoskeleton • Filaments & fibers – Microfilaments – Microtubules – Intermediate filaments • 3 functions: – mechanical support – anchor organelles – help move substances • Include cilia, flagella and centrioles Centrioles • Pairs of microtubular structures • Play a role in cell division • Found only in animal cells Cell Walls • Found in plants – composed of cellulose • Surrounds plasma membrane • Provides support, strength and protection Central Vacuoles • • • • Membrane bound storage sacs In plants Very large Contents – Water – Food – Wastes *animals have small vacuoles throughout cell Chloroplasts • Solar energy capturing organelle – carry out photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll and are green • Have their own DNA Chromoplast • Contain pigments • Help capture more light energy for photosynthesis • Help to make other parts of the plants other colors (fruits, flowers, roots etc.) End Chapter 5