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Bellwork • What are the three main statements in the cell theory? • Who was the first to discover the “cell”? • Compare the Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Scanning Tunneling microscope by illustrating the differences in images they capture. Today! • Standard B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles. • Objectives: I will be able to understand the functions of different cellular structures, along with illustrate each structure as it appears in the cell. Types of Cells • There are two broad groups of cells – Prokaryotes • Do NOT have membrane-bound organelles – Eukaryotes • DO have membrane-bound organelles • Organelle – Structure within a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function for cell survival Eukaryotes • Does have a membrane bound nucleus – DNA is bound within the nucleus • Does Contain membranebound organelles • Eukaryotes may be unicellular (algae and yeast) or multicellular (plants and animals) Plasma Membrane (or Cell Membrane) • Boundary of the cell • Controls what goes in and out of the cell through the selectively permeable membrane – Keeps some things out and lets some things in • Maintains cell’s homeostasis Cell Wall • • • • Found outside the cell membrane Gives the cell added support and protection Made of the carbohydrate, cellulose This mesh of cellulose is porous and allows anything to pass through • Plants, fungi, some protists and most bacteria (prokaryotes) have cell walls • Animals DO NOT Cell Wall Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is a semifluid material inside the cell • It contains the molecules and organelles in the cell • It is bound by the cell membrane Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • Functions in the genetic control of the cell • Contains the chromosomes which are composed of DNA • The nuclear envelope is a membrane that * – surrounds the nucleus – Regulates the materials that pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm • In eukaryotic cells (plants AND animals) * * Important parts to know Mitochondria • This is the site of cellular respiration, a process that provides the cell with energy • The “POWERHOUSE” • The more energy a cell needs, the more mitochondria they may have – For example, a muscle cell would need more mitochondria than a bone cell because it requires more energy to do its job • In eukaryotic cells Chloroplast • Contains the green pigment chlorophyll • Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar during photosynthesis • Only found in plants and some algae Ribosomes • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis • Can be found – floating free in the cytoplasm – or on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • In eukaryotes AND prokaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • ER is a complex, extensive network that transports materials throughout the inside of the cell • Rough ER: – Has ribosomes attached • Smooth ER: – Has no ribosomes • In eukaryotes only Golgi Apparatus • Function: Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules within the cell or outside the cell • In eukaryotes Lysosomes • Small organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down food particles, worn out organelles, bacteria, and viruses into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell • In eukaryotes Vacuoles • Sac-like structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • Plants have one large vacuole that also helps give support to flowers and leaves • Animal cell vacuoles are much smaller than plant cell vacuoles • In eukaryotes animal plant Cilia and Flagella • Function: Helps to move the cell or its outer environment; some organisms use them to capture food. • Cilia – short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion – Animal cells and protists • Flagella – longer projections that move in a whip-like motion – Animal cells, bacteria, and protists Prokaryotes • No true nucleus – DNA is not bound in a nucleus or arranged in chromosomes * • Do not have most membranebound organelles – They do have ribosomes for protein synthesis – They do not have mitochondria. They get their energy from the sun or from chemicals in the environment • Many prokaryotes are unicellular • This cell type includes all bacteria * Cytoplasm * Important parts to know * * Prokaryotes vs. Plants vs. Animals Eukaryotes Plants Animals Organelle Prokaryotes Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus DNA Mitochondria Chloroplasts Ribosomes Prokaryotes vs. Plants vs. Animals Organelle Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Plants Animals Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Cytoplasm Cilia or Flagella