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Cell Organelles and Functions • Prokaryotic – simple, single celled organisms that have NO (rhymes with Pro-) true nucleus. Genetic material not separated from rest of cell by any membrane. – Can exist in a large range of environments. • They can live in hot, harsh temperatures • They can live without oxygen • Some can even make their own food 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 2 • Eukaryotic – cells that contain a true nucleus. (YOU (sounds like Eu-) have a nucleus) – Genetic material separated from rest of cell by a membrane – Considered to be complex (compared to prokaryotic) and formed by endosymbiosis of prokaryotes – Houses various organelles that do specific jobs within the cell 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 3 What is an organelle? • An organelle is a structure that carries out specific activities in the cell. – Term means “little organ” • Obviously, it’s not an organ, as it’s smaller than a cell... 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 4 Cell Membrane • Boundary of cell • Regulates what enters and leaves • Made mostly of phospholipid bilayer 08/11/09 Cytoplasm • Gel like substance inside cell where organelles are housed. • Where most cellular activities occur • Many biomolecules necessary for the cell processes are dissolved there. • Used as transport medium for ribosomes and other organelles 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 6 Nucleus • internal compartment that houses DNA (genetic material) • Also contains a nucleolus, which makes ribosomes. 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 7 Ribosomes • Responsible for protein synthesis (making protein) • Not bound by a membrane • May be found floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum (making it ROUGH ER) 08/11/09 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Rough -Long system of membranes throughout cell and connected to nucleus. • Ribosomes are connected to the membrane – (which makes it rough) • moves proteins through cell 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 9 Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth- does not contain ribosomes (looks smooth). • Primarily functions to makes lipids • Also breaks down some toxic substances (especially in the liver) 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 10 Golgi Apparatus • Flattened membrane bound sacs • Packs (into vesicles) and distributes materials throughout the cell - gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex • Makes lysosomes 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 11 Lysosome • Small, spherical organelles (vesicles) that contain enzymes for digesting things: food, cell parts, other cells... 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 12 mitochondria • Organelle that gets energy (ATP) from organic compounds. • AKA “Powerhouse of the cell” “Mighty” • Has its own DNA (left-over from before endosymbiosis) 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 13 Vacuole • Membrane bound space that stores materials: food, water, wastes • In plants central vacuole stores water and other substances and is much larger than in animals. 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 14 Chloroplast • Organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates • Full of chlorophyll (why it’s green) • Has it’s own DNA (endosymbiosis) 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 15 Cell wall • Rigid structure found outside cell membrane of plants. • Made of proteins and carbohydrates (cellulose) 08/11/09 Free template from www.brainybetty.com 16