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Transcript
CHAPTER 6: Life is Cellular I. History of Cells A. Microscopes 1. Merchants first used hand lens to asses cloth quality 2. Hans & Zacharias Janssen (c. 1590)Dutch lens makers invented first compound microscope 3. Robert Hook (1665)- used light microscope to look at cork; Saw tiny chambers that he called “cells” 4.Anton Van Leeuwenhoekone of the first to use microscopes to observe nature • Tiny organisms in H2O • “Animalcules”.. bacteria B. Cell Theory 1. When? 1838-1939 a. Matthias Schleiden – All plants made of cells b. Theodor Schwann – All animals made of cells 2. Rudolf Virchow – Studied cell reproduction/cancer – All cells came from another cell 3. Cell Theory a) All living things are composed of cells b) Cells are basic units of structure and function in living things c) New cells are produced from existing cells II. Cell Types A. Prokaryotes 1. Cells generally smaller 2. Do not have nuclei 3. Evolved first 4. All bacteria are prokaryotes • Ex: E. coli, staph B. Eukaryotes 1. Contain nucleus 2. Cells are more complex- many eukaryotes form larger, multi-cellular organisms 3. Evolved after prokaryotes 4. Ex: Plants, animals, & fungi III. Differences Between Plants & Animals A. Plants Have (animals do not): Cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, large central water vacuole B. Animals have (plants do not): Centrioles, lysosomes IV. Boundaries of the Cell A. Plasma/Cell Membrane: - All cells - Made of phospholipid monomers - Double-layer, hydrophobic tails in-between - Hydrophilic heads line outside and inside of cell B. Cell Wall - Plants only, used for support and shape, protection - Made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin V. Cellular Organization A. Unicellular- “one cell” 1. Cell IS the organism 2. Must perform all functions of life, tend to be more complex on a cellular basis than multicell organisms Ex: Include prokaryotes & eukaryotes B. Multi-cellular organisms 1. Cells do not live on their own “Interdependent” 2. Each has a function for the whole and cell specialization to perform particular functions within organism •Ex: Pancreatic cells C. 5 Levels of Organization 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Individual cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism Cells • Specialization of functions • Nerve cells & muscle cells rely on other cells to give them materials Tissues • A group of similar cells that perform a particular function • Ex: cells in pancreas make digestive enzymes • Most animals have 4 types of tissue: » Muscle » Epithelial » Nervous » Connective Organs • Groups of tissues that work together • Ex: muscle has nerve cells & connective tissue organ systems • Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function • 11 major organ systems in human body END OF POWERPOINT YOU MUST KNOW ALL THE ORGANELLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STRUCTURES ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDES Basic Cell Structures • Typical cells are 5-50 μm • Cell membrane –thin, flexible barrier around cell • Cell wall –strong layer around cell membrane (plants) –serve to protect and support Basic Cell Structures • Nucleus –large structure containing cell’s genetic material and controls cell’s activities • Cytoplasm –material inside cell membrane but not including the nucleus Cytoplasm • Contains specialized cells called organelles that perform cellular functions Notes on Chapter 7.2 Cell Structures Cell wall • Found in plants, algae, fungi, and almost all prokaryotes » Animal cells do NOT have cell walls! • Allow H2O, O2, CO2, and other substances to pass • Function- to provide support & protection • Made of CH2O’s and protein • Plants- mostly cellulose Nucleus • Controls most cell processes • Contains hereditary information of DNA » DNA codes to make proteins • Chromatin » DNA bound to protein » spread throughout nucleus- condenses during division • Chromosomes » Distinct, thread-like, condensed chromatin » Contain genetic information Nucleolus • Small, dense region inside nucleus » Assembles ribosomes that make proteins Nuclear Membrane » Double-membrane layer » Many pores to allow materials in and out- “doors” » RNA Cytoskeleton • Protein & calcium filaments »Act like skeleton, give shape »Cell movement • Microtubules » hollow tubes; “tracks” that organelles use to move » Important in cell division; separate chromosomes » Cilia » Flagella Microfilaments • Give movement & support » Tough, flexible framework » Motor proteins move organelles Ribosomes • Made of RNA in nucleolus • Assemble proteins • “Workers” Endoplasmic reticulum • “Conveyor belt” » Makes cell membrane components » Modifies proteins » rough and smooth • Rough ER- involved in synthesis of proteins » Gets appearance by ribsomes Ribosomes • Smooth ER- does not have ribosomes on surface » Makes lipids for cell membranes Golgi Apparatus • “Quality control” » Stack of membranes » Proteins made by RER move here » Enzymes modify carbohydrates and lipids to proteins » Brings to the cell surface to be secreted Lysosomes • “Janitors” » Small, filled with enzymes » Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into particles the cell uses » Break down old organelles Vacuoles • “Storage” » Store H2O, salts, proteins, CH2Os • Support structures, like leaves and flowers » Plants often have a central, large vacuole • Smaller vacuoles- “vesicles” Chloroplasts • “Solar panels” » Found in plants » Use energy from sunlight to make energy/food- Glucose » “photosynthesis” • Two envelope membranes » Stacks of membranes that hold green pigment » DNA Mitochondria • “Power house” » Release energy from stored food • Use energy to make high-energy compounds » Cell growth, development, and movement • 2 envelope membranes » DNA » Inherited from mom! • Found in all eukaryotic cells Cell as a factory • • • • • • • Plasma membrane- “shipping/receiving department” Cytoskeleton- “walls, roof, and beams” Nucleus- “the control center, CEO” Ribosome- “workers” Golgi Apparatus- “Quality control” Mitochondria and chloroplasts- “power sources” Lysosomes- “janitors”