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Transcript
Chapter 7: The Microscope and Cell Theory Try these websites for fun! • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content /begin/cells/insideacell/ • http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/healt h/anatomy/cell/cell_game.htm Cell Theory • • Then Term “cell” was coined in 1665 by Robert Hooke when he looked at a slice of dried cork. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest “living” unit 3. All cells came from previously existing cells. Now 2 main types of cells • Prokaryotic – Lack membrane enclosed organelles – Lack a nucleus – Only Unicellular – Bacteria • Eukaryotic – Have membrane bound organelles – Have a nucleus – Can be unicellular or multicellular – Plant and Animal Cells – 10 Times Larger than Prokaryote Cells. What each cell has: • Prokaryote – – – – – – DNA Plasma Membrane Ribosomes Cell Wall Cytoplasm Cilia/flagella • Eukaryote – – – – – – – – – – – – Nucleus w/ DNA Plasma membrane Ribosomes Cell wall (plant) Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Large vacuole (plant) Chloroplast (plant) Lysosome (animal) Cilia/flagella (animal) Microscopes • In the 1600’s the first microscope was invented. • Microscopes magnify objects • Two main types of microscopes – Compound light microscope • Multiply lenses to find out magnification • Magnifies about 1500 times – Electron microscope • Uses a beam of electrons to magnify structures • Up to 500,000 times magnified!!!! Anton van Leeuwenhoek Microscope parts eye piece tube nosepiece arm 10x objective 40x objective 100x objective stage stage clips rough adjustment diaphragm fine adjustment Light/mirror base Plasma (cell) Membrane • Physical & chemical boundary of all cells • A double layer called the phospholipid bilayer. – It is selectively permeable (semipermeable) meaning only certain things are let in and out • Gate-keeper of cell Function of Proteins in Membrane 1. Transport Proteins- move large things in and out of cell Ribosomes • Sites of protein synthesis – Proteins are the main product produced by the cell • Not considered a membrane-bound organelle so they are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Nucleus • Control center of cell (controls all cellular activites) – Contains DNA – Contains nucleolus where ribosomes are made Nucleolus • Located inside of the nucleus • Contains RNA and proteins • Makes ribosomes Nuclear membrane/ Nuclear envelope • The double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a cell. Endoplasmic reticulum • Transport system of cell (transports materials) – Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes – Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) for lipid synthesis and storage Golgi Apparatus • Involved in packaging and secretion of proteins – The cellular post office – Also called golgi body Mitochondria • Where energy for the cell is made (ATP) • Site of cellular respiration Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) Lysosomes • Found in animal cells – Digest and recycle worn out cell parts – Destroy foreign invaders Plant cell only • Large vacuoles for storage of water and sugars • Cell wall made of cellulose for support and protection • Chloroplasts – Where photosynthesis happens (glucose is made from water, CO2, & sunlight) – Give green color Two organelles have their own DNA • Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA because they were probably once free-living bacteria that were “eaten” by a larger cell and instead of being digested, they became part of that cell as an organelle