Download T4.cells organelles

• Look for information on each
organelle’s location and job.
• Pay attention to incomplete
information, you will need to do
some research to fill in the missing
material.
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Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm
– jelly-like material with
organelles in it.
• cytosol
– Soluble part of the
cytoplasm that is left
when all organelles are
removed
• consists mainly of water
with dissolved substances
such as amino acids in it.
What could the job of the cytoplasm be?
Nucleus
• Nucleus
– the media center of the cell
– the largest organelle in the cell
– it contains the DNA of the cell.
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
contains all the information for cells
to live, perform their functions and
reproduce.
• nucleolus
– Organelle inside the nucleus
– responsible for making ribosomes.
• nuclear pores
– circles on the surface of the
nucleus where ribosomes, and
other materials move in and out of
the cell.
Could a cell survive without a nucleus?
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria
– are membrane-enclosed
organelles found in the
cytosol
– main job is the conversion of
the potential energy of food
molecules into ATP.
• Every type of cell has a
different amount of
mitochondria.
–
There are more
mitochondria in cells that
have to perform lots of work,
for example- your leg muscle
cells, heart muscle cells etc.
– Cells that need less energy
to do their work have less
mitochondria.
Why does the food you eat need to be broken down
before a cell can use it?
Mitochondria Structure:
•outer membrane that encloses the entire structure
•inner membrane that encloses a fluid-filled matrix
•the inner membrane is elaborately folded with shelf-like
cristae projecting into the matrix.
•between the outer and inner membrane is the intermembrane
space
Why is the mitochondria shaped this way?
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• A network of
membranes throughout
the cytoplasm of the
cell.
• Sometimes called the
Intercellular Highway.
There are two types of
ER:
rough ER
– ribosomes are attached
to it
– where most protein
synthesis occurs in the
cell
smooth ER
•no ribosomes attached
•synthesizes lipids
•helps in the detoxification of
harmful substances in the cell.
Why is the Endoplasmic Reticulum located near the nucleus of a cell?
Golgi Body
(AKA golgi complex or Golgi apparatus)
• responsible for sorting and
correctly shipping the proteins
produced in the ER.
– Just like our postal packages
which should have a correct
shipping address, the proteins
produced in the ER, should be
correctly sent to their respective
address.
– If the Golgi complex makes a
mistake in shipping the proteins
to the right address, certain
functions in the cell may stop.
What might happen if the golgi ships a
protein to the wrong place in a cell?
Ribosomes
• help in the synthesis of proteins.
• 2 types
– Free (found in cytoplasm)
• make proteins for the cell
– Attached (attached to the ER)
• make proteins for the cell or proteins to be
exported from the cell for work elsewhere
in the body
• Ribosomes are made up of two parts,
called subunits.
– They get their names from their size. One
unit is larger than than the other so they
are called large and small subunits.
– Both these subunits are necessary for
protein synthesis in the cell. When the
two units are docked together with a
special information unit called
messenger RNA, they make proteins.
Every living cell has a membrane, DNA and ribosomes.
Why do you think all cells have ribosomes?
Vesicles
• term literally means "small
vessel".
• organelle helps store and
transport products produced by
the cell.
– The vesicles are the transport and
delivery vehicles like our mail
and Federal Express trucks. Some
vesicles deliver materials to parts of
the cell and others transport
materials outside the cell in a
process called exocytosis.
Why does a cell use a vesicle to store and transport things
rather than just send the item out unprotected in the cell?
Lysosomes
• function as the cell's
recycling compartment
or as a cell’s custodial
staff.
• Are found only in animal
cells
– Lysosomes take in cell
waste (like used up
proteins and lipids) that
needs digesting.
– The metabolites (particles)
that result are shipped out
of the cell either by
vesicles or directly across
the membrane.
If a cell had no lysosome, how would its
internal environment change?
Steps in lysomal formation
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The ER and Golgi apparatus make a lysosome
The lysosome fuses with a digestive vacuol
Activated acid
hydrolases digest the contents
centrioles
• appear only during
mitosis or meiosis
• Review your mitosis
notes to see what
they do
Other cell parts
• cilia
– thread-like projections
– beat in a regular
fashion to create
currents that sweep
materials along
Flagella
• Cells may have many
flagella or one
– Help cells to move
PLANT CELL SPECIFIC PARTS
View the slides then do the following:
1. List 3 items that are found only in plant
cells.
2. Explain how the presence of these
unique cell parts have helped plants to
succeed on Earth.
3. Describe how would you determine if a
cell you are looking at under a
microscope is a plant cell or an animal
cell.
Chloroplast
• found only in plant cell
cytoplasm
• Contain chlorophyll
– Give plants their green color
• Reflect green light but absorb
all other colors
• Location of photosynthesis
– Process where light energy of
the sun is converted into
chemical energy.
– The chemical energy
produced is used to make
carbohydrates like starch, that
get stored in the plant.
Why are chloroplasts green?
Vacuoles and vesicles
• storage organelles in
cells.
– Both store water,
waste products, food,
and other cellular
materials
– Vacuoles are larger
than vesicles.
• A large central vacuole
can take up most of the
plant cell's volume.
• Tonoplast is the
membrane surrounding
the plant cell vacuole
What happens to a cell when all of the materials it has stored in a
central vacuole are used up?
cell wall
• distinguishing feature of a
plant cell
• protects the cellular contents
• gives rigidity to the plant
structure
– Made of cellulose,
polysaccharides and
glycoproteins
• provides a porous medium
– Plasmodesmata
.
• openings in cell wall
– used to communicate
– Used to transport materials
between plant cells
• regulates growth and
protects the plant from
disease.
1. Identify the 4 cell parts found in every
type of cell (prokaryote and
eukarote).
2. List 3 items that are found only in
plant cells.
3. You are looking at a cell under a
microscope. Describe what features
you would use to determine if the cell
you are looking at is a plant cell or an
animal cell.
4. Explain how an organelles structure
is related to its function.