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Introduction to the
Cell
The structure and functions
of the cell
Animal Cell Model
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Plant Cell
Cell Theory
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All living things are made up of cells.
New cells come only from preexisting cells.
A cell is the basic structural and functional
unit of life.
Prokaryotic Cells
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Structure of a Typical
Eukaryotic Cell
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A typical eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
The outer most layer of an animal cell is
plasma membrane.
The outer most layer of a plant cell is cell
wall. The cell membrane in these cells is on
the inner side of cell wall.
The Plasma
Membrane
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The Structure of
the Cell Wall
The
Nucleus
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The Nucleus
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It controls all the cell activities.
The Structure of Nucleus
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It is surrounded by nuclear membrane which
contains nuclear pores.
It contains DNA and RNA (nucleic acids).
It contains nucleolus which is the site for
synthesis of ribosome.
Jellylike material inside the nucleus is called
nucleoplasm.
Ribosome
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Structure and Function of
Ribosome
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Ribosomes are made of RNA and proteins.
Ribosomes are synthesized by nucleolus in
the nucleus.
Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm as
well as on rough E.R.
Ribosomes are the site for Protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Rough and Smooth E.R.
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There are two types of E.R. which forms
channels throughout the cell.
Rough E.R. has ribosomes on it and smooth
does not.
Proteins are synthesized on the ribosome on
rough E.R.
Both E.R’s increase surface area for
chemical reactions and storage.
Golgi Apparatus
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Function of Golgi Apparatus
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Golgi apparatus is considered as processing,
packaging and transporting unit of cell.
Golgi apparatus receives materials from E.R.
then process them and export these
materials to other cells.
These materials are pinched off in small
vesicles, which then attach to the cell
membrane to export.
Mitochondria
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Structure and Functions of
Mitochondria
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It is known as the power house of the cell.
It is made up of double membrane, outer
membrane is smooth. Inner layer has folds in
it called crystae, which increases the surface
area for synthesis of ATP.
Liquid jelly-like material is know as matrix.
Mitochondria has its own DNA.
Chloroplast
Structure and Functions of
Chloroplast
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Chloroplast is one type of plastid, which contains
green pigment chlorophyll.
Chloroplast is made of double layer of membrane,
and it has stacks of membranes inside it.
Each membrane in the stack is called thylakoid
membrane and stacks of membrane are called
grana where food is prepared.
Liquid jelly like material is called stroma.
Vacuoles
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Structure and function of
Vacuole
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Vacuoles are made up of single layer of
membrane.
Vacuoles store solid of liquid materials.
Mature plant cells have one large vacuole,
which takes up most of the space in a plant
cell.
Vacuoles in animal cells are much smaller
than plant cells.
Lysosomes
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Structure and Function of
Lysosomes
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Lysosomes are more prominent in animal
cells but they are rare in plant cells.
Lysosomes are surrounded by single
membrane, and store food or waste
materials.
Waste material in lysosomes can be toxic.