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Cell Theory
A theory that states:
1. All cells come from other cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of all
living things
3. Cells are the smallest living
thing.
Compound Light Microscope
A microscope with two
lenses: the objective
that magnifies the
sample and
the ocular or eyepiece
that magnifies the
image from the
objective 10x.
Scanning electron Microscope
A scope that produces an image by
sending electrons across the surface of
the sample. The image is 3-D and of the
surface of objects.
Electron gun
Transmission Electron microscope
• A scope that uses electron to produce a
2-D image, very detailes, the electrons are
transmitted through a sample, the sample
must be a thin , small preparation.
Wet Mount Slide
*A preparation of a sample on a slide.
*Place a drop of water on a slide,place the
sample in the water and slowly place on
the coverslip at an angle to avoid bubbles
Cover slip
Water
Sample in water
No bubbles
Prokaryote
*Cells that do not have a nucleus or
membrane bound organelles.
*“Primitive” cells
Example: Bacteria
A bacterium
Eukaryote
*Cells that have membrane bound organelles (
little organs)
*very organized with each organeele having a
specific function
*Complex animal, plant, fungi and Protista
Plasma membrane
or
Cell Membrane
• regulates the flow of materials into
and out of cell, protection for the
cell, gives the cell shape.
• Outer layer of animals cells
• The layer after the cell wall in
plants
Nucleus
*The organelle that contains DNA (In the
form of chromosomes)
*Considered the control center of the cell
• The organelle that is usually visible with a
microscope.
Nuclear envelope
or
Nuclear Membrane
• double layer around nucleus,
regulates movement into and out
of nucleus
Nuclear pore
This would be like
Taking the
Envelope out
To see it.
DNA and
Nucleolus would
Be here
Nucleolus
• Literally means “little nucleus”
• Located inside the nucleus
• Production of RNA is here
nucleolus
nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
*A complex of tube-like membranes
and channels used to
make and
Transport materials in cell.
*rough ER has ribosomes on the outside that
produce proteins.
*Proteins are
produced and
transported
This part
Golgi complex
or
Golgi Body
• smooth stack of flatten membranes that
resemble a stack of pancakes.
*Function in storage and packaging of
materials
• Send out vesicles for various functions
Smooth Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
* A complex of tube-like membranes
used to produce and transport lipids
in cell
This part
Without ribosomes
(dots)
Mitochondria
• It is called the "power house“ of the cell
• aerobic respiration occurs here that produces
energy called ATP
• Oval-like structure with folded membranes
called cristae.
Image from an
Electron microscope
Lysosomes
• Small sac- like vesicl
*digestive sacs contains enzymes
that destroy foreign material or cell itself.
Microfilaments/Microtubules
*Cilia
• Small hair-like structures for
movement or pushing in food for
some cells.
• Many and very short and small
The fuzzy stuff
Microfilaments /Microtubules
Flagella
•
•
•
•
For movement in cells
May be one or just several of these
Large and long
Whip-like
Cytoskeleton
• A system of tubules and filaments that
provide support, hold organelles in
place.
• Look like long fibers, web-like
Microfilaments /Microtubules
Centrioles
• Only in animal cells
• Assist in cell division
by producing
spindle fibers for
moving
chromosomes
during cell division
• Look like a bundle of
straws, there are
always two at right
angles to one
another
Cell Wall
• Think layer of cellulose surrounding the
plant cell for protection and
support.
This outer layer
Chloroplast
• Use sunlight to produce glucose in a process called
photosynthesis
• contains the green pigment, chlorophyll that absorbs
the sunlight
• Only in plants
• Oval with membranes inside that look like a stack of
coins. ( the coin like things are called thylacoids and
a stack of these is called grana)
The green items
Differences in
Animal
and
Plant Cells
Animal cells:
Plant cells:
• tend to be irregularly shaped *Tend to be rectangular;connect
or spherical(are able
like brinks and do not conform
to conform to others)
or fold/bend to on another.
• Have centrioles that form
*have one large vacuole
spindles for cell division
* Cell wall made of cellulose
• Have small vacuoles
*no centrioles, but the
• Only a cell membrane, no wall cytoskeleton forms spindles
for cell division
Vacuole
• Large sac-like structure
• Stores mostly water and minerals, but also can
store food.
• Very large in plants ( fills most of the cell)
and small vesicles in animal cells
Diffusion
• The process by which molecules
move from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser
concentration
Osmosis
• The diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
water
membrane
Active Transport
• The movement of a substance
across a cell membrane against a
concentration gradient; requires the
cell to expend energy
Passive
Transport
• The movement of substances across
a cell membrane without the use of
cell energy
• Examples are diffusion and osmosis
(a type of diffusion)
Exocytosis
• A process in which a vesicle inside a cell
fuses with the cell membrane and
releases its contents to the external
environment
inside
outside
Endocytosis
• The process by which a cell surrounds
and engulfs substances
Homeostasis
• The stable internal conditions of a
living thing
• Being able to maintain this balance
• Taking in nutrients, excreting
waste, keeping temperature
balance and water balance…)
Equilibrium
• A state that exists when the
concentration of a substance is
the same throughout a space
Equal in
And out
Hypertonic
• Describing a solution
whose solute
concentration outside
is higher than that
inside a cell; a cell
will shrink due to loss
of water.
Metabolic Rate
• Rate of metabolism; the
amount of energy expended
in a given period
• The sum of all the chemical
reactions: some require
energy and some release it
Isotonic
• Describing a solution whose
solute concentration equals that
inside a cell; cells remain
unchanged due to already in
balance.
Hypotonic
• Describing a solution whose
solute concentration is lower
than that inside a cell; causes a
cell to swell due to bringing in
water.
Plasmolysis
• When a plant cell losses water and shrinks
• The cell wall remains intact, but the cell
membrane pinches in bringing all the
organelles together in a mass.
Normal plant cell
Loss of water
Sodium Potassium pump
• A type of Active transport where ATP or
energy is required to move sodium out of the
cell ( to keep low sodium balance inside the
cell) and bring Potassium in (to keep high
potassium in). This is needed for proper cell
function, especially nerve cell/nerve
impulses.
Photosynthesis
• The process of converting light energy to chemical
energy in plants or organisms with chlorplasts.
• Produces organic molecules(sugars…)
Selectively permeable
membrane
• The cell membrane allows
some particle to pass and
others are too large.
Location of Photosythesis
Chlorophyll
*The pigments in plants located in the thylacoid of
chloroplasts
*Captures the light energy from the sun and converts it
to organic molecules in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Is in these
Respiration in the Mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
• The process of taking the energy from organic
molecules to transferring it to energy (ATP) for
the cell.
• Requires Organic molecules
• Produces ATP, Water and Carbon dioxide
• May or may not use
oxygen
• All Cells NEED to
Respire
Anaerobic respiration
• Respiration where no oxygen is available
(not required)
• Produces only 2 ATPs (not efficient)
• Usually types of soil on ocean bacteria and
yeast
Two Types:
1. Alcoholic fermintation ( in yeast)
2. Lactic acid fermentation in muscles
Aerobic respiration
• Requires oxygen to convert glucose to
ATP for the cell
• Produces 36 ATPs, Carbon dioxide and
Water from on glucose
• Takes place in the mitochondria
• Most eukaryotic cells/organisms are
aerobic
+ 36 ATP
Lactic acid Fermentation
• Occurs when muscle or other cells do not
have enough oxygen. They convert to anaerobic
respiration until more oxygen is available.
• In the cell’s cytoplasm and not mitochondria
• Very little ATP produced (2), carbon dioxide and
lactic acid.
Causes a burning
sensation in
muscles, weakness
Alcoholic Fermentation
•In some bacteria and yeast
•Process used to produce alcohol, yogurt,
cheeses, sauerkraut, vinegar, cider…
•Does not take place in the mitochondria but
only in the cytoplasm.
*Produces small amount of ATP ,
Carbon dioxide, water and ethyl alcohol
The tie between
Photosynthesis
and
Respiration
The products of Photosynthesis are used for Respiration.
The products of Respiration are used for Photosynthesis.
*plants respire and photosynthesis- they need to make the
food for respiration.
* Animals consume their food for respiration
Consumers(Respiration)
and
Producers (Respiraiton and
photosynthesis)