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Download Study guide test 2 Essentials of biology 2015
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Study guide test 2 Essentials of biology • 3.1 Cells: fundamental unit • Prokaryotes structures and functions • Eukaryotes structures and functions • 3.2 Plant vs. animal cells • Comparisons • What structures do animal cells have that plants do not • What structures do plant cells have that animals do not • 3.3 Membranes: structure • Structural components of the plasma membrane • Chemicals found in the plasma membrane • 3.4 Membranes: function • Selectively permeable membrane • Passive transport processes ( diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) • Active transport processes (Na+/K+ pump, exocytosis, endocytosis • 3.5 The nucleus • Structure and function of the following • Nuclear envelope • Nucleoplasm • Nucleolus • Chromosomes • 3.6 Organelles in protein production • Information flow DNAmRNAprotein • Transcription • Translation • Endomembrane system structure and function- production of exported proteins • ribosomes • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi • Secretory vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles • 3.7 Chloroplasts and mitochondria • Energy organelles • Chloroplasts • Function photosynthesis and structures • Thylakoid membranes, grana, • stroma • pigments • Inner and outer membranes • Mitochondria • Function cellular respiration • Structures • Outer membrane • Inner membrane with cristae • Matrix with ribosomes, DNA, enzymes • 3.8 Other organelles • Lysosomes • Vacuoles • 4.1 What is energy? • Kinetic energy • Potential energy • First law of thermodynamics Conservation of energy • Entropy and heat Organism work to counter entropy • 4.2 Energy flow • Solar energychemical energy mechanical energy • 4.3 Sunlight is used to produce sugars • Overall equation for photosynthesis • • • • • • • • Nature of photons • Photolysis of water to supply electrons 4.4 Photosynthesis has 2 linked stages • Light reactions uses light and water takes place thylakoid membranes • Calvin reactions uses ATP and NADH2 takes place in stroma 4.5 Light reactions: a closer look • Use of solar energy –absorption of energy from photons • Use of water, role of chlorophyll pigments in the photosystems • Water splitting photosystem and NADPH synthesis and oxygen release • NADPH producing photosystem 4.6 Calvin cycle: a closer look • Inputs to the Calvin cycle • Outputs to the Calvin cycle • Use of G3P to make glucose 4.7 Cellular respiration overview • Overall equation for cellular respiration and energy yield (ATP’s) • Aerobic and anaerobic • ATP and kilocalories • The production of carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 and ATP 4.8 Cellular respiration: a closer look ( inputs and outputs) • Three phases • Glycolysis • Citric acid cycle • Electron transport system 4.9 Anaerobic metabolism • Fermentation in yeast and production of carbon dioxide and ethanol • Lactic acid production in animal cells 4.10 Cellular respiration as a hub of metabolism • Synthesis of amino acids, fats, and other carbohydrates
