* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cell Division & Developmen
Survey
Document related concepts
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Spindle checkpoint wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Cell Cycle Why do cells divide? For growth and repair To get food, water, and waste in and out of our bodies quickly What is the Cell Cycle? Series of events that take place from one cell division to the next Constantly repeated Three Stages of the Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis Interphase Period of growth and development Longest phase of the cell cycle Some cells never leave interphase such as nerve and muscle cells What happens during interphase? Cell grows in size; makes an extra set of structures Cell makes a copy of its hereditary material. (DNA) Produces structures needed for division (spindle fibers, centrioles) DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid It is our hereditary material (passed on from our parents) Found in the nucleus of our cells as chromatin Chromatin vs. Chromosomes Chromatin is uncoiled DNA Chromosomes are tightly coiled strands of DNA Chromosomes Chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their cells Human Karyotype Chromosome #’s Carrot-18 Cat- 32 Dog-78 Earthworm-36 Fruit fly-8 Chimpanzee-48 Adder’s tongue fern-1,262 Mitosis Is the division of the nucleus Results in two new identical nuclei Four Stages of Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase Duplicated chromosomes become visible Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell Spindle fibers stretch across the cell Metaphase Duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Centromeres attach to spindle fibers. Anaphase Centromeres divide Identical chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell Cell begins to stretch Telophase Spindle fibers disappear Chromosomes uncoil New nuclear membrane forms around each region of chromosomes. A new nucleolus forms in each new nucleus. Cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm Usually starts around the same time as telophase Results in two new identical cells (daughter cells) that have the same # of chromosomes as the original parent cell Cytokinesis in Animal Cells Cell membrane pinches together around the middle of the cell creating two new cells Each daughter cell gets about half of the organelles Cytokinesis in Plant cells Cell plate forms down the center of the cell The cell plate gradually develops into a cell membrane New cell walls form around the cell membrane Cell Cycle Interphase Cytokinesis Telophase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Asexual Reproduction Produces a new organism that has identical hereditary material to the parent. Involves only one parent. 3 Types of Asexual Reproduction 1. Fission 2. Budding 3. Regeneration Fission Simplest form of reproduction Used by one celled organisms such as bacteria Cell grows in size, makes a copy of its hereditary material, and divides to make two new identical daughter cells. Daughter cells are usually smaller than parent Budding Process by which organisms, such as yeast, form a tiny bud that grows out and breaks off of the parent cell when it is large enough. New cell may be smaller than parent Regeneration Ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts. May result in whole new organism. Examples: lizard’s tail, starfish Starfish Planaria