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E. Coli bacteria
Human embryo
•Smaller
•Animal and plant cells
•Doesn’t have a
membrane covered
nucleus
•Bigger
•Rod, spherical, or
spiral shaped
•Has a different way
of reproduction.
•Has more organelles,
which are things that
help the cell, like the
human organs; heart,
lungs…
(baby cell)
Prokaryotic Cell
•Doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus
•Has very few internal structures or organelles
•Has a different kind of DNA than Eukaryotic cells
•Can be either plant or animal cells
•Much bigger than prokaryotic
•Has more organelles than prokaryotic cells
•Contains a nucleus
Different kinds of cells
Cells differ in size and shape depending on their functions
Here are some examples…
Brain cells
Found in: Your brain
What it does: it basically stores
information, like a CD or a flash drive.
Nerve cells
Found in: your nervous system
What it does: it sends information to your brain.
For example, if you jump into a pool that’s 20
degrees then these cells send the information that
the water is really cold so your brain can act
accordingly. Nerve cells are also called neurons.
Note that there are different kinds of neurons.
Red Blood Cell
Found in: your blood stream
What it does: it fights off diseases and
protects your bold from sickness. It is a
part of your immune system.
Found in: your blood stream
What it does: it carries blood to every
part of your body. Note that your body
needs blood to function properly. Your
heart pumps red blood cells to every
part of your body.
White Blood Cell
Muscle Cell
Found in: your limbs, head, inside of
organs and your heart.
What it does: There are 3 types of muscle cells. First of
all there are skeletal muscles. You have control over
them, every time you move, or even twitch a little, you
use a skeletal muscles. Second, you have smooth
muscles. They are found in organs such as the stomach;
you don’t have control of these. Finally you have the
cardiac muscles, they are found only in your heart. They
are the muscles that pump blood all over your body. And
no, you can’t control your heart beats.
Smooth Muscle
Contains…
•Cell/Plasma membrane
•Nucleus
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Ribosome
•Golgi Apparatus
•Mitochondria
•Vacuoles
•Cytoskeleton
•Plastids (Chloroplast,
Chromoplast, leucoplast)
•Cell Walls
Contains…
•Cell/Plasma membrane
•Nucleus
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Ribosome
•Golgi Apparatus
•Mitochondria
•Lysosome
•Cytoskeleton
•Centrioles
A.K.A Cell Membrane
Functions…
•Protection
•Keeps all the bad
things out of the cell
•Brings all good things
in to the cell
The plasma membrane is semipermeable which means that
some things can pass through
and some can’t. The chemicals
inside of the membranes control
what can pass through and what can’t.
In comparison the plasma
membrane is similar to human
skin. First of all the cover us
and protect us. Also our skin
let sweat and heat out.
•Nucleus is the largest cell organelle
in a cell
•It is takes up about 10% of the cell
which is
about 1/10th of a cell.
•It makes ribosomes
•It controls chromosomes, genes, and
DNA
Nucleus
In side a nucleus, there are things called
DNA. In the DNA, there are instructions.
Those instructions tell the cell how to make
ribosomes, and how to run the cell.
Ribosomes in turn create proteins which
determine the function of the cell.
In comparison, the cell nucleus is kind of
like the human brain. Human brain tells
the body to do things and how it should
function. The brain has the control of the
body like the nucleus has the control over
the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum…
•Endoplasmic reticulum is involved
in making things
•Consists of two parts, smooth
and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
•Rough ER is covered with ribosomes
•Rough ER is linked to Golgi Apparatus
•Smooth ER is free of ribosomes.
•Smooth ER makes lipids and carbohydrates
•It also transports things to different parts of
the cell.
Smooth ER is in charge of making
lipids and complex carbohydrates
basically it uses enzymes, which
combines and breaks downs
substances, to make lipids and
carbohydrates.
In comparison, the endoplasmic
reticulum is similar to our circulatory
system. The circulatory system trans
ports blood abound the body. The ER
does the same for the cell.
Rough ER is in charge of making
proteins. It has ribosomes embedded
on the surface. Instructions are sent
from the nucleus and the ribosomes
convert the code into proteins
requested by the nucleus.
Ribosomes…
•Assemble proteins
•Can float inside the cell
or be stuck to the
endoplasmic reticulum
•“Free” ribosomes make
proteins that are used
within the cell.
•Proteins that are made by
“stuck” ribosomes are either
used in the cell or expelled from
the cell for other use
•The two types of ribosomes are
same in shape and function. ribosomes
How ribosomes make a protein…
1.A code containing instructions sent from the
nucleus is received.
2.By using enzymes, stuff that cuts and binds thing
together, the ribosome converts the instruction to a
strand of protein.
3.If the protein is made by a “stuck” ribosome, then
its transported to the ER and then is transported to
their destination.
In a way, a ribosome is like our lungs.
Both of them obtains things that is
essential to us, or the cell. Lungs get
oxygen and the ribosomes get proteins.
Then they are transported for further
use.
Golgi apparatus…
•Package proteins to
be transported.
•Then transport the
proteins
•Transports lipids
•Makes lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
When a finished product is
sent from the rough
endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
the Golgi Apparatus stores the
contents into lumens. When
the contents are inside, they
are sorted, modified, and
tagged with a chemical that
determined their destination.
Then, the finished products are
sent to their final destination.
In a way, the Golgi Apparatus is like our
blood system. They both sends things
needed to all over the cell or our body.
Mitochondria…
•Is composed of 2 membranes
•The 2 membranes have different
properties
•A cell has multiple mitochondria
•Converts organic materials into
energy that the cell uses for almost
anything, moving, creating things,
and more
•Size and shape depends on the
kind of cell.
So, how do the mitochondria
make energy? Simple, as you
know, the mitochondria is made
of 2 membranes, 1 outside and 1
inside. The inside one bends.
The bends are called cristae. On
these bend, the food, and
oxygen combine to form energy.
In a way, the mitochondria is similar to our
digestive system. The both get energy for
us. Our digestive system absorbs the
nutrients from food.
Lysosomes…
•Contains digestive enzymes
•Digests old organelles, and food
particles
•Engulfs bacteria and viruses
•Basically a digestive organelle
Lysosomes rely on enzymes to break
things down. It contains about 40
enzymes. They have a pH level of
about 5 so if any is leaked to the cell,
it won’t damage it much. the enzymes
are made in the ER and is transported
by the Golgi Apparatus.
In a way, the lysosomes are like our
stomach. They both down break down
things. For example your stomach
uses gastric acid, also called stomach
to break down things, and the
lysosomes use enzymes to break down
things.
pH level- a rating system that measures bow acidic
or basic something is. Ranges from 1~14. 1 is very
acidic and 14 is very basic, and 7 is neutral. Acidic
things are things like lemonade acid from your
stomach, battery acid and more. A pure water is
neutral. Basic things are blood, sea water, soap,
bleach an more. You can die if you eat or drink
things that are very acidic or basic.
Vacuole…
•Is found in plant cells
•Is responsible for maintaining the
shape of the cell
•Is enlarged to enlarge the cell
•Stores nutrients, wastes and more
•Usually takes up about half of the
cell but in can take up to about
95% of the cell.
•Surrounded by a membrane called
the tonoplast
How the vacuole maintains
its shape…
Basically a pressure is
applied to the vacuole. The
pressure is called turgor. If
the turgor somehow fails,
then the whole cell becomes,
floppy ( I can’t think of a
right work…). Just imagine a
person that doesn’t have
bones to support him.
In comparison, the vacuole is kind of
similar to our skeletal system. Both
oh the structures hold us up. Without
it, we would be unable to function
properly.
Cytoskeleton…
•Maintains the cell shape
•Is involved in cell
movement
•Lets internal organelles
move around.
•Made of filaments
How it does its job…
So, the cytoskeleton is made up of
3 layers of proteins;
Microfilaments, Intermediate
Filaments, and Microtubules.
Microfilaments help with muscle
contraction, cell shape and
movement in the cytoplasm.
Intermediate filaments maintain
cell shape and attach cells together.
Microtubules help with the
movement of the chromosomes and
the organelles.
In a way, the cytoskeleton is like
our muscular system. They both
help us and the cell with moving,
with out them we wouldn’t be
able to move.
Centrioles…
•Are made of microtubules,
(proteins fibers) is a 3/9 pattern
•Is an important part of cell
division
•Organize microtubules during
a cell division.
During a cell division, the
two contrioles replicate
themselves. The two cells
created gets one of new
replicated and the one that
wasn’t replicated.
In comparison, the centrioles are like our chromosomes from our
reproductive system. They are both involved in reproduction and
what ever is created, a cell or a baby gets centrioles and
chromosomes. The baby get’s 46 chromosomes total, 23 from each
of the parents.
•Responsible for photosynthesis
(process in which sunlight is
converted into energy).
•Found in plant cells only
•There are different type of plastids;
chorloplast, chromoplast, and more.
•Had double membranes
•Stores energy
Plastids are similar to our
digestive system since they get
energy and stores them.
Continue to chorloplast
Continue to chromoplast
Continue to leucoplast
•Is the site of photosynthesis
•A square millimeter of a leaf
contain about 500,000
chloroplasts
•Contains chlorophyll
•Chlorophyll captures carbondioxide and mixes with water
and minerals to create food.
•Chlorophyll gives the plants
their colors
•Found in plants cells only
•Contains chlorophyll
•Stores pigments or colors
•Is a group of plastids that
contain chloroplasts
•Found in plants cells only
•Stores energy
•Also stores, starch, oil, and
proteins
•Found in plants cells only
•Non-pigmented, which means
it doesn’t have colors
•Located is the root system
since it doesn’t have colors
•Smaller than chloroplasts.
Cell wall…
•Protects the cell
•Support the cell with the vacuole
•Found in plant cells only
•It’s really strong
•Is the reason the plants don’t have
nervous systems, immune systems
and can’t move
The cell wall is made of fibers and
proteins. In new cells, it’s thins and
flexible so the cell can grow.
However, even if the cell wall is
matured, things can pass through it
so it can interact with other cells.
In comparison, the cell wall is
like our skeletal system. They
both provide support. Also the
it's not matures it’s more flexible
so it can grow.
•http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/membrane.htm
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_Wall
•http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/cell_wall.html
•http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/cellwall.htm
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole
•http://biology.about.com/library/blcentriole.htm
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoplast
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton
•http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/cytoskeleton/
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum
•http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_Apparatus
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucoplast
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomes
•http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/lysosomes.html
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus
•http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nucleus.htm
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
•http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/plastids/
•http://www.fi.edu/qa97/biology/cells/cell4.html
•http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
•http://scientia.org/cadonline/Biology/microbio/prokaryotic.ASP
•http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/celldifferences/section2.rhtml
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomes
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuoles
•http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/vacuole.html
•Images are hyperlinked. First page background; http://www.bms.ed.ac.uk/services/impact/pages/Image3.htm