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Transcript
E. Coli bacteria Human embryo •Smaller •Animal and plant cells •Doesn’t have a membrane covered nucleus •Bigger •Rod, spherical, or spiral shaped •Has a different way of reproduction. •Has more organelles, which are things that help the cell, like the human organs; heart, lungs… (baby cell) Prokaryotic Cell •Doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus •Has very few internal structures or organelles •Has a different kind of DNA than Eukaryotic cells •Can be either plant or animal cells •Much bigger than prokaryotic •Has more organelles than prokaryotic cells •Contains a nucleus Different kinds of cells Cells differ in size and shape depending on their functions Here are some examples… Brain cells Found in: Your brain What it does: it basically stores information, like a CD or a flash drive. Nerve cells Found in: your nervous system What it does: it sends information to your brain. For example, if you jump into a pool that’s 20 degrees then these cells send the information that the water is really cold so your brain can act accordingly. Nerve cells are also called neurons. Note that there are different kinds of neurons. Red Blood Cell Found in: your blood stream What it does: it fights off diseases and protects your bold from sickness. It is a part of your immune system. Found in: your blood stream What it does: it carries blood to every part of your body. Note that your body needs blood to function properly. Your heart pumps red blood cells to every part of your body. White Blood Cell Muscle Cell Found in: your limbs, head, inside of organs and your heart. What it does: There are 3 types of muscle cells. First of all there are skeletal muscles. You have control over them, every time you move, or even twitch a little, you use a skeletal muscles. Second, you have smooth muscles. They are found in organs such as the stomach; you don’t have control of these. Finally you have the cardiac muscles, they are found only in your heart. They are the muscles that pump blood all over your body. And no, you can’t control your heart beats. Smooth Muscle Contains… •Cell/Plasma membrane •Nucleus •Endoplasmic Reticulum •Ribosome •Golgi Apparatus •Mitochondria •Vacuoles •Cytoskeleton •Plastids (Chloroplast, Chromoplast, leucoplast) •Cell Walls Contains… •Cell/Plasma membrane •Nucleus •Endoplasmic Reticulum •Ribosome •Golgi Apparatus •Mitochondria •Lysosome •Cytoskeleton •Centrioles A.K.A Cell Membrane Functions… •Protection •Keeps all the bad things out of the cell •Brings all good things in to the cell The plasma membrane is semipermeable which means that some things can pass through and some can’t. The chemicals inside of the membranes control what can pass through and what can’t. In comparison the plasma membrane is similar to human skin. First of all the cover us and protect us. Also our skin let sweat and heat out. •Nucleus is the largest cell organelle in a cell •It is takes up about 10% of the cell which is about 1/10th of a cell. •It makes ribosomes •It controls chromosomes, genes, and DNA Nucleus In side a nucleus, there are things called DNA. In the DNA, there are instructions. Those instructions tell the cell how to make ribosomes, and how to run the cell. Ribosomes in turn create proteins which determine the function of the cell. In comparison, the cell nucleus is kind of like the human brain. Human brain tells the body to do things and how it should function. The brain has the control of the body like the nucleus has the control over the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum… •Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in making things •Consists of two parts, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. •Rough ER is covered with ribosomes •Rough ER is linked to Golgi Apparatus •Smooth ER is free of ribosomes. •Smooth ER makes lipids and carbohydrates •It also transports things to different parts of the cell. Smooth ER is in charge of making lipids and complex carbohydrates basically it uses enzymes, which combines and breaks downs substances, to make lipids and carbohydrates. In comparison, the endoplasmic reticulum is similar to our circulatory system. The circulatory system trans ports blood abound the body. The ER does the same for the cell. Rough ER is in charge of making proteins. It has ribosomes embedded on the surface. Instructions are sent from the nucleus and the ribosomes convert the code into proteins requested by the nucleus. Ribosomes… •Assemble proteins •Can float inside the cell or be stuck to the endoplasmic reticulum •“Free” ribosomes make proteins that are used within the cell. •Proteins that are made by “stuck” ribosomes are either used in the cell or expelled from the cell for other use •The two types of ribosomes are same in shape and function. ribosomes How ribosomes make a protein… 1.A code containing instructions sent from the nucleus is received. 2.By using enzymes, stuff that cuts and binds thing together, the ribosome converts the instruction to a strand of protein. 3.If the protein is made by a “stuck” ribosome, then its transported to the ER and then is transported to their destination. In a way, a ribosome is like our lungs. Both of them obtains things that is essential to us, or the cell. Lungs get oxygen and the ribosomes get proteins. Then they are transported for further use. Golgi apparatus… •Package proteins to be transported. •Then transport the proteins •Transports lipids •Makes lysosomes Golgi Apparatus When a finished product is sent from the rough endoplasmic reticulum(ER) the Golgi Apparatus stores the contents into lumens. When the contents are inside, they are sorted, modified, and tagged with a chemical that determined their destination. Then, the finished products are sent to their final destination. In a way, the Golgi Apparatus is like our blood system. They both sends things needed to all over the cell or our body. Mitochondria… •Is composed of 2 membranes •The 2 membranes have different properties •A cell has multiple mitochondria •Converts organic materials into energy that the cell uses for almost anything, moving, creating things, and more •Size and shape depends on the kind of cell. So, how do the mitochondria make energy? Simple, as you know, the mitochondria is made of 2 membranes, 1 outside and 1 inside. The inside one bends. The bends are called cristae. On these bend, the food, and oxygen combine to form energy. In a way, the mitochondria is similar to our digestive system. The both get energy for us. Our digestive system absorbs the nutrients from food. Lysosomes… •Contains digestive enzymes •Digests old organelles, and food particles •Engulfs bacteria and viruses •Basically a digestive organelle Lysosomes rely on enzymes to break things down. It contains about 40 enzymes. They have a pH level of about 5 so if any is leaked to the cell, it won’t damage it much. the enzymes are made in the ER and is transported by the Golgi Apparatus. In a way, the lysosomes are like our stomach. They both down break down things. For example your stomach uses gastric acid, also called stomach to break down things, and the lysosomes use enzymes to break down things. pH level- a rating system that measures bow acidic or basic something is. Ranges from 1~14. 1 is very acidic and 14 is very basic, and 7 is neutral. Acidic things are things like lemonade acid from your stomach, battery acid and more. A pure water is neutral. Basic things are blood, sea water, soap, bleach an more. You can die if you eat or drink things that are very acidic or basic. Vacuole… •Is found in plant cells •Is responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell •Is enlarged to enlarge the cell •Stores nutrients, wastes and more •Usually takes up about half of the cell but in can take up to about 95% of the cell. •Surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast How the vacuole maintains its shape… Basically a pressure is applied to the vacuole. The pressure is called turgor. If the turgor somehow fails, then the whole cell becomes, floppy ( I can’t think of a right work…). Just imagine a person that doesn’t have bones to support him. In comparison, the vacuole is kind of similar to our skeletal system. Both oh the structures hold us up. Without it, we would be unable to function properly. Cytoskeleton… •Maintains the cell shape •Is involved in cell movement •Lets internal organelles move around. •Made of filaments How it does its job… So, the cytoskeleton is made up of 3 layers of proteins; Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules. Microfilaments help with muscle contraction, cell shape and movement in the cytoplasm. Intermediate filaments maintain cell shape and attach cells together. Microtubules help with the movement of the chromosomes and the organelles. In a way, the cytoskeleton is like our muscular system. They both help us and the cell with moving, with out them we wouldn’t be able to move. Centrioles… •Are made of microtubules, (proteins fibers) is a 3/9 pattern •Is an important part of cell division •Organize microtubules during a cell division. During a cell division, the two contrioles replicate themselves. The two cells created gets one of new replicated and the one that wasn’t replicated. In comparison, the centrioles are like our chromosomes from our reproductive system. They are both involved in reproduction and what ever is created, a cell or a baby gets centrioles and chromosomes. The baby get’s 46 chromosomes total, 23 from each of the parents. •Responsible for photosynthesis (process in which sunlight is converted into energy). •Found in plant cells only •There are different type of plastids; chorloplast, chromoplast, and more. •Had double membranes •Stores energy Plastids are similar to our digestive system since they get energy and stores them. Continue to chorloplast Continue to chromoplast Continue to leucoplast •Is the site of photosynthesis •A square millimeter of a leaf contain about 500,000 chloroplasts •Contains chlorophyll •Chlorophyll captures carbondioxide and mixes with water and minerals to create food. •Chlorophyll gives the plants their colors •Found in plants cells only •Contains chlorophyll •Stores pigments or colors •Is a group of plastids that contain chloroplasts •Found in plants cells only •Stores energy •Also stores, starch, oil, and proteins •Found in plants cells only •Non-pigmented, which means it doesn’t have colors •Located is the root system since it doesn’t have colors •Smaller than chloroplasts. Cell wall… •Protects the cell •Support the cell with the vacuole •Found in plant cells only •It’s really strong •Is the reason the plants don’t have nervous systems, immune systems and can’t move The cell wall is made of fibers and proteins. In new cells, it’s thins and flexible so the cell can grow. However, even if the cell wall is matured, things can pass through it so it can interact with other cells. In comparison, the cell wall is like our skeletal system. They both provide support. Also the it's not matures it’s more flexible so it can grow. •http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/membrane.htm •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_Wall •http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/cell_wall.html •http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/cellwall.htm •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole •http://biology.about.com/library/blcentriole.htm •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoplast •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton •http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/cytoskeleton/ •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum •http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_Apparatus •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucoplast •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomes •http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/lysosomes.html •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus •http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nucleus.htm •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid •http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/plastids/ •http://www.fi.edu/qa97/biology/cells/cell4.html •http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html •http://scientia.org/cadonline/Biology/microbio/prokaryotic.ASP •http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/celldifferences/section2.rhtml •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomes •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuoles •http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/vacuole.html •Images are hyperlinked. First page background; http://www.bms.ed.ac.uk/services/impact/pages/Image3.htm