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Transcript
“Life is Cellular” Since the invention of the microscope Scientists have been able to discover a world that could have never been imagined The Scientists involved in the Cell Theory In 1665 Robert Hooke looked at a slice of cork under a microscope The tiny chambers reminded him of the “cells” in a monastery so he called them cells In 1674 Anton von Leeuwenhoek made better lenses for the microscope and was able to see cells in greater detail The Scientists involved in the Cell Theory In 1838 and 1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann observed that all living things are made up of cells Schleiden noted that all plants are made up of cells Schwann stated that all animals are made up of cells In 1855 Rudolf Virchow states that all cells come from pre-existing cells The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic functional units of life New cells are produced from existing cells Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes smaller & simpler Have a nucleus containing DNA Contain a cell membrane & Most have specialized cytoplasm structures called organelles No nucleus All plants, animals, and All bacteria are fungi are eukaryotes prokaryotes DNA is “free – floating” Larger and more complex Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Cell membrane Cytoplasm Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Eukaryote Cell Structures Cell Wall Found in many organisms including plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes Not found in animal cells Cell Wall The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell Plant cell walls are made of cellulose The Nucleus The nucleus is the “brains” of the cell The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA Almost all eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal, contain a nucleus The Nucleus Nucleolus – small dense region in nucleus where ribosomes are produced Nuclear envelope – double membrane layer surrounding the nucleus (aka. Nuclear membrane) The Cytoskeleton A network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain it’s shape It is also involved in many forms of Microtubule movement Microfilament The Cytoskeleton Made up of three types of structures: Microtubules – hollow tubes of protein that help maintain cell shape and serve as “tracks” for organelles to travel on Intermediate Filaments – smaller than microtubules – gives a cell its strength Microfilaments – long thin fibers that support cell movement and support Organelles in the Cytoplasm Ribosomes Site where proteins are made A ribosome is a protein and an rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Ribosomes make proteins from the “coded” instructions of the nucleus and the DNA Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum An internal membrane where parts of the cell membrane are made and some proteins are modified Rough endoplasmic reticulum The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is where protein synthesis occurs Ribosomes are on it’s surface making it appear “rough” Endoplasmic Reticulum The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have any ribosomes on it’s surface It contains enzymes that make lipids (fats) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus After proteins are assembled and produced by the Rough ER they move to the Golgi Complex where : Carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids (fats) are attached to the protein They are then sent to their final destination Lysosomes Small organelles that are filled with digestive and other enzymes They break down lipids (fats), carbohydrates (sugars), and proteins from food particles so it can be used by the rest of the cell Lysosomes also break down “old” organelles that have outlived their function Basically, they “take out the trash” Vacuoles Serve as a storage for water, salts, proteins, and “carbs” (plant and animal cells) In Plants : They usually have one large vacuole filled with water to support structures like leaves and flowers Vacuole Chloroplasts The producer! They use sunlight to power a familiar process called Photosynthesis The green pigment (color) chlorophyll is what gives leaves their color and is found inside chloroplasts Chloroplast Mitochondria The “powerhouse” of the animal and plant cell! Mitochondria use energy from food to make highenergy compounds The cell uses these highenergy compounds for growth, development, and movement In that way, the mitochondria makes “fuel” for the cell Figure 7-5 Plant Cells Section 7-2 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell