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Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG CELL GROWTH & DIVISION 10-1 & 10-2 Image by Riedell Cell Growth and Division • Limits to Cell Growth • 1. DNA “Overload” • 2. Exchanging Materials • 3. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume • 4. Cell Division 2 Reasons why cells divide DNA OVERLOAD 1. _____________________ As cell grows bigger demand on DNA “genetic library” becomes too great Ex: Small town library has 1000 books. As town grows and more people borrow books, there may be a waiting list to read the most popular titles http://www.adc.state.az.us/images/Off-Library.JPG 2 Reasons why cells divide Material exchange can’t keep up 2. _____________________ As cell grows bigger demand for transport across membrane is too great http://www.animationlibrary.com Ability to transport of oxygen, food, waste across cell membrane depends on _______________ SURFACE AREA Need for these depends on CELL VOLUME ___________ As cell grows these DON’T increase at the same rate Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells Section 10-1 Cell Size Surface Area (length x width x 6) Volume (length x width x height) Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Go to Section: When cells get too big, they can’t transport “stuff” fast enough, or in big enough amounts. So cells grow by dividing into many, small cells instead of growing few, bigger cells. http://www.animationlibrary.com 10–2 Cell Division A. Chromosomes B. The Cell Cycle C. Events of the Cell Cycle D. Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase E. Cytokinesis DNA CAN BE: SPREAD OUT IN NON-DIVIDING CELLS CHROMATIN SCRUNCHED UP IN DIVIDING CELLS CHROMOSOMES DNA in PROKARYOTES • BACTERIAL DNA is CIRCULAR • HAVE ONE CHROMOSOME • NO NUCLEUS; ATTACHED TO CELL MEMBRANE http://www.origin-life.gr.jp/3202/3202121/fig6.jpg DNA in EUKARYOTES (Plants & Animals) • DNA is ROD-SHAPED CHROMOSOMES • MANY PAIRS • FOUND IN NUCLEUS http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/chrom2.jpg Chromosomes DNA) (scrunched up • All organisms have specific numbers of chromosomes – Humans = _____ 46 Chromosomes – Fruit Flies = 8 Chromosomes – Carrots = 18 Chromosomes Chromosome structure CHROMATIDS • ___________________ 2 identical arms • __________________ CENTROMERE constricted area holds chromatids together HOMOLOGOUS •__________________ PAIR 2 of each chromosome (one from mom; one from dad) HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES • SAME SIZE • SAME SHAPE • CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS IDENTICAL • BUT NOT ______________! (Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES) http://arnica.csustan.edu/biol3020/cell_division/cell_division.htm http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm CELL DIVISION in PROKARYOTES Bacteria reproduce using BINARY FISSION __________________________________ http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/fission.jpg CELL CYCLE ______________ = series of events that cells go through as they grow and develop CELL CYCLE INTERPHASE – non-dividing phase G1- Grow bigger Cell is “doing its job” DNA is spread out as chromatin S - Synthesis (copy DNA) & chromosomal proteins G2- Grow bigger, make organelles & molecules needed for cell division CELL DIVISION MITOSIS – Nuclear division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis – Cytoplasm divides G0 – cell stops dividing (Ex: nerve cell) Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle Section 10-2 G1 phase M phase S phase G2 phase Go to Section: INTERPHASE (G1 - S - G2) In between divisions Cells are in this phase most of the time Can see nucleus DNA spread out as chromatin Can’t see chromosomes DNA gets copied (S) Cell gets ready to divide Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PROPHASE 1st dividing phase http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/102/lectures/08mit&veg102.html DNA scrunches into chromosomes Centrioles appear in centrosome region & move to poles Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear Spindle fibers form & attach to chromosomes METAPHASE Chromosomes line up in middle ___________ Microtubules connect the centromere to the two poles of the spindle ANAPHASE Centromeres split apart Centrioles pull chromatids_______ Anaphase ends when the movement stops TELOPHASE (reverse prophase steps) two nuclei See ______ Nuclear membrane & nucleolus return Chromosomes spread out as chromatin Centrioles disappear Spindle fibers disappear Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall http://www2.bc.cc.ca.us/cnewton/Biology%2011/Mitosis.html CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells ANIMAL CELLS pinch cytoplasm in two with a ______________________ CLEAVAGE FURROW CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells PLANT CELLS can’t pinch because they have a sturdy ____________ CELL WALL Plant cells separate cytoplasm by CELL PLATE growing a _______________ down the middle. http://www.eastcentral.edu/acad/depts/BI/plant_mitosis_nolabels.html Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Cytokinesis Go to Section: Spindle Centriole Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Centriole Individual chromosomes Anaphase Metaphase Concept Map Section 10-2 Cell Cycle includes is divided into Go to Section: is divided into Concept Map Section 10-2 Cell Cycle includes Interphase M phase (Mitosis) is divided into is divided into G1 phase Go to Section: S phase G2 phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase