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Transcript
Eukaryotic Cells vs. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells Key Question- What is the difference between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell? Initial Thoughts What is a Cell? Cell – Basic unit of living things. Organisms are either: Unicellular – made of one cell such as bacteria and amoebas. OR Multicellular – made of many cells such as plants and animals. Cell Theory The cell theory states that: All living things are made of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. All cells come from other cells. The Discovery of Cells before nucleus true nucleus Cell Types Two categories: 1. Cell that have membrane-bound organelles Called Eukaryotic Cells 2. Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles called prokaryotic cells Unicellular organisms such as bacteria are examples of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes 1. 2. 3. Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes Have membrane bound Organelles (golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc) 4. 5. 6. DNA – double-stranded and forms chromosomes (highly organized) Can be uni- OR multicellular organisms Ex: animals, plants, fungi Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane continued: allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be removed This is referred to as selective permeability. *(Selective=Chooses, Permeability=filter through)* keeping a healthy balance of nutrients and water within the cell is called homeostasis Overview of Organelles Nucleus Largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner compartment of the cell contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on strands called chromosomes “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction Chromatin- Directions on how to make proteins Nucleolus- Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are made here Overview Cont’d Ribosomes- make proteins (made up of RNA and protein); thought of as “factories” Cytoplasm- clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends all organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum- extensive network of membranes Rough ER: with ribosomes Smooth ER: with no visible ribosomes Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends them to needed places in the cell Lysosomes- organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes to remove waste and invading bacteria Mitochondria- often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell release energy for the cell It converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for the cell Vacuoles- fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane Store materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products Eukaryotic plant cell Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant cells contain some organelles that are not found in animal cells. Plant Cell Organelles Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It provides the cell with extra support. Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and converts it into chemical energy. Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the chloroplast. Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in the plant cell. Prokaryotes 1. 2. NO nucleus NO membrane bound organelles (just ribosomes) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ALL are unicellular Smaller than eukaryotic cells Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller and more simple) DNA – single strand and circular Ex: ALL Bacteria Similarities 1. Contain all four biomolecules (lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids) 1. Have ribosomes 2. Have DNA 3. Similar Metabolism 4. Can be unicellular 5. Have cell/plasma membranes or cell wall Bacterial cell Animal cell Plant cell Eukaryote VS. Prokaryote Picture Part of Cell Part of Factory Capsule Security Gate Cell Wall Outer Fence around the factory Chloroplast Solar Panel Cytoskeleton Moving Belt where items are inspected Steel Support, Interior Walls Cilia/Flagella Conveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator Enzyme Worker; Assemblage Machinery Golgi Complex Distribution/Packaging Department Mailroom Mitochondrion Generator, Engine Room, Power Source Nucleoid Storage of pre-production material Nucleus Supervisor’s Office, Boss Corporate Office, Central Operations Plasma Membrane Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door Ribosomes Assembly Line Track RER Production Line SER Shipping Dock Vacuole Storage Area Scientists to Remember Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed “cells” in cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) Father of Microscopy Saw tiny living things in pond water. Scientists Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed “cells” in cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) – Saw tiny living things in pond water. Matthias Schleiden (1838) – Plants are made of cells. Theodor Schwann (1839) – Animals are made of cells. Rudolf Virchow (1855) – New cells come from existing cells. Scientists Janet Plowe (1931) – Cell membrane is a physical structure. Lynn Margulis (1970) – Organelles were once free-living cells. Microscopes Light Microscope – magnifies tiny organisms up to 1,000 times. -Uses light and lenses. -We use these. Electron Microscope – magnifies up to a million times. -Uses electrons. Shapes of Prokaryotes Cocci = spherical (round) Bacillus = (rod shaped) Spirilla = helical (spiral) Evidence 2Comparing Fungi and Bacteria Day 1 1. On the bottom of the plate (the side that has the agar): label the plate with your name, period, lab station number (along the edge and as small as possible) 2. Equally divide the bottom of the plate into five equal sections. 3. Take a “sterile” cotton swab and rub on any surface (DO NOT put swab in/on/around any human orifice) . Quickly rub the swab on the plate. Write on the bottom of the plate where the swab came from. Dispose of the swab in the special container. 4. When all four sections are done (one section is blank), turn the plate upside down so that the side with the agar is facing up. Evidence 2Comparing Fungi and Bacteria Day 2 1. Draw a picture of EXACTLY what you see. Color pencils will be used. 2. Using the microscope what shapes can you identify. (cocci, bacillus, spirilla) 3. Be sure to draw a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Also be sure to draw a fungal and bacterial cell. (Reflection) Analysis Q’s 1. What type of cell are Fungi and Bacteria? (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) 2. If bacteria is too small to see, why can you see them on the agar plate? 3. What was the purpose of leaving one of the parts of the plate empty? 4. Are fungi cells more closely related to bacteria or animal cells? Why? Summary In a well developed paragraph: What did you think before about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (look back at your initial thoughts) What did you learn about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Be specific! (look back at your evidence section). What evidence do you have that you learned this? Further Thoughts Make sure this is thoughtful and thorough. Reflection Draw a picture of a fungal and bacterial cell. *Be sure to note similarities and differences. Big Idea Come up with your own Big Idea.