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Transcript
Cells Early Contributions • Robert Hooke - First person to see cells, he was looking at cork and noted that he saw "a great many boxes. (1665) • Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Observed living cells in pond water, which he called "animalcules" (1673) • Theodore Schwann - zoologist who observed tissues of animals had cells (1839) • Mattias Schleiden - botanist, observed tissues of plants contained cells ( 1845) • Rudolf Virchow - also reported that every living thing is made of up vital units, known as cells. He predicted that cells come from other cells. (1850 ) Schwann, Schleiden, Virchow – Cell Theory The cell theory 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. Characteristics of all cells Surrounded by cell membrane Contain DNA Contain cytoplasm Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Prokaryotic No nucleus Few internal structures- have simple ribosomes Smaller and simpler than eukaroytic cells One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Prokaryotic Cells Some use flagellum (Ex: whip) for locomotion – threadlike structures protruding from cell surface Bacterial cell wall Rotary motor Flagellin Sheath Eukaryotic Have a membrane bound nucleus Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms – lots of variety Larger and more complex than prokaryotes http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html DIVERSITY OF LIFE -Unicellular Organisms -Multicellular Organisms -Levels of Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Go to Section: Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer Plasma Membrane = selectively permeable boundary between the cell and the environment http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Plasma Membrane Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material – DNA Nickname: Headquarters or Brain Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chromosomes/Chromatin In nucleus Made of DNA and protein Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Nucleolus Inside nucleus Makes ribosomes which then leave the nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Mitochondrion Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – cellular respiration Converts glucose into ATP Cristae – inner membrane Nickname: Powerhouse of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chloroplast Found in plant cells only Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape- large central vacuole http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface Nickname: Highway or Subway of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = a system of tubes and sacs formed by membranes (an enclosed space) a) Rough = with bound ribosomes --transports proteins to the Golgi body b) Smooth = without bound ribosomes --functions in lipid synthesis, drug detoxification Lysosome Digestive sac for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes Nickname: Trashcan or Pac-Man of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Centrioles Assemble microtubules during cell division Barrel shaped – pairs Found in animal cells Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant’ Nickname: FedEx or Post Office of the cell Modifies protein – Attach carbohydrates and lipids to the protein http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vesicles move from ER to Golgi Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on Rough ER & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytoskeleton Microtubules Intermediate filaments Actin Cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles – Microfilaments Actin Cell movement Support of cell – Microtubules Hollow tubes Movement of organelles Forms cilia, flagella, centrioles Figure 7-7 Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Go to Section: Michondrion “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Capsule Animal Cells Lysosomes Go to Section: Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Eukaryotes Cell Wall Chloroplasts Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton