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Cell Structure & Function EQ: Why is each part of the cell essential for survival http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Two Types of Cells •Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html Animal “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Cell Parts Organelles Surrounding the Cell Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Inside the Cell Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material – DNA • The “control center” of the cell Nucleus • Means “kernel” or “nut” • Is covered by a membrane which allows materials to pass. • Is the control center of the cell • Stores DNA (Which makes protein) Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chromosomes • In nucleus DNA • Made of _________ • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture (cytosol) • Surrounded by cell membrane • The “environment” of the cell. Quick Write: How do these images relate to the cytoplasm of a cell? Cytoplasm Organelles Cytoplasm Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down Lipids & carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Mitochondria • The cells “power plant” • Food molecules are broken down in the cell to release energy. • Bean shaped • 2 membranes • Work only with oxygen Outer and Inner Membranes Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chloroplasts • • • • • Only in plants, Euglena, and algae Energy-converting from the sun 2 membranes Looks like stacked coins Contain Chlorophyll (green) which traps light and makes it into sugar (photosynthesis) Chloroplasts & Mitochondria • Theory that they evolved from ancient bacteria. • Created by cells eating each other. • Have the same kind of ribosomes and circular DNA. & = Ancient Bacteria Bull’s-Eye Comparison: Mitochondria vs. Chloroplast Mitochondria Chloroplast Similarities Explain how your illustration and similarities are connected. Differences Differences Illustration depicting how they relate Endoplasmic Reticulum http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vacuoles • Membranebound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html The Hierarchy of Life The Hierarchy of Life Hierarchy – (noun) 1: a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system Cell smallest largest Tissue Organ Organ System Organism A system is a combination of parts or objects performing a complex function. The smallest unit of structure performing functions in organisms is the cell . Many specialized cells working together to perform a particular function form tissues . A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function form organs. A group of organs working together to perform a complex function is an organ system . Organ systems working together form organisms. Levels of organization in multicellular organisms.