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Transcript
The Cell: Organelles and Functions Typical Cells Organelles Membrane Bound Subunits that carry out Specialized Functions Cell Membrane Form: Proteins and Phospholipids Function: Form for cell Controls access Cytoplasm Water and Dissolved Substances Nucleus Form: Nuclear envelope surrounds chromatin, 2 layers Function: Cellular “Command Center” Difference between chromatin and chromosomes? Nucleolus Specialized region for producing Ribosomes Dense region inside of nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Form: Network of MembraneLined Channels Function: 1. Transport of cellular products Processing of cellular products - Lipids to cell membrane - Proteins for export Smooth ER Production of lipids, phospholipids and hormones Detoxifies poisons Rough ER Produces proteins for export Produce proteins that are embedded in the membrane Golgi Complex Form Membrane folds outside of ER Make carbohydrates and finish export proteins Sends and sorts materials from the ER Ribosome Form Mesh of RNA and protein Lysosome Form Membrane-bound sack of enzymes What is an enzyme? Function: Digest particles for food and protection Mitochondria Form Double layer of membrane with wrinkled inside Function Makes ATP, releases energy from food Chloroplast Double Membrane Site of Photosynthesis Plants Only Chloroplast Capture energy from sunlight to make simple sugar and starch Vacuole Form: Membrane bound sacks Function: Consumption and excretion Plants and some protists: regulate osmosis Cytoskeleton Microfilaments - protein: actin - outside support of cell - “skin” of a building - allow for cell movement Microtubules - protein: tubulin - support inside of cell - “girders” of cell support the inside - movement of things inside of cell Centrosome Form: Mass of protein Function: Generates centrioles during mitosis Animals Only Cilia and Flagella Form: “Hair” or “Whip-like” extensions from the cell made of microtubules Function: Locomotion Types of Cellular Life Unicellular Life Prokaryotes - Eubacteria and Archaebacteria - Single cell, widely distributed life Unicellular Life Protists - Unicellular eukaryotic life - Protozoans : Animal-like protists - Algae : Plant-like protists Cell Specialization and Multicellular Organisms Specialization increases efficiency Use more energy = bigger body Bigger body = higher survivability Higher survivability = more surviving offspring Specialization In Cells Organ Types and Organelles Organism Organ Cell Organelle Levels of organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism