Download The Cell: Organelles and Functions

The Cell:
Organelles and
Functions
Typical Cells
Organelles

Membrane Bound Subunits that carry out Specialized
Functions
Cell Membrane

Form:
Proteins and
Phospholipids

Function:
Form for cell
Controls access
Cytoplasm

Water and Dissolved
Substances
Nucleus
Form:
Nuclear envelope
surrounds chromatin,
2 layers
 Function:
Cellular “Command
Center”
 Difference between
chromatin and
chromosomes?

Nucleolus

Specialized region for
producing Ribosomes

Dense region inside
of nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Form:
Network of MembraneLined Channels
 Function:
1. Transport of cellular
products
Processing of cellular
products
- Lipids to cell membrane
- Proteins for export

Smooth ER


Production of lipids,
phospholipids and
hormones
Detoxifies poisons
Rough ER

Produces proteins for
export

Produce proteins that
are embedded in the
membrane
Golgi Complex

Form
Membrane folds
outside of ER

Make carbohydrates
and finish export
proteins

Sends and sorts
materials from the ER
Ribosome

Form
Mesh of RNA and
protein
Lysosome

Form
Membrane-bound sack of enzymes
What is an enzyme?

Function:
Digest particles for food and
protection
Mitochondria

Form
Double layer of
membrane with
wrinkled inside

Function
Makes ATP, releases
energy from food
Chloroplast

Double Membrane

Site of Photosynthesis

Plants Only
Chloroplast

Capture energy from sunlight to
make simple sugar and starch
Vacuole

Form:
Membrane bound
sacks

Function:
Consumption and
excretion

Plants and some
protists: regulate
osmosis
Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments
- protein: actin
- outside support of
cell
- “skin” of a building
- allow for cell
movement

Microtubules
- protein: tubulin
- support inside of
cell
- “girders” of cell
support the inside
- movement of things
inside of cell
Centrosome

Form:
Mass of protein

Function:
Generates centrioles
during mitosis

Animals Only
Cilia and Flagella

Form:
“Hair” or “Whip-like” extensions
from the cell made of microtubules

Function:
Locomotion
Types of Cellular
Life
Unicellular Life

Prokaryotes
- Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
- Single cell, widely distributed life
Unicellular Life

Protists
- Unicellular eukaryotic life
- Protozoans : Animal-like protists
- Algae : Plant-like protists
Cell Specialization and
Multicellular Organisms

Specialization increases efficiency

Use more energy = bigger body

Bigger body = higher survivability

Higher survivability = more surviving offspring
Specialization In Cells
Organ Types and Organelles

Organism
Organ
Cell
Organelle
Levels of organization

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism