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Transcript
Chapter 4 Most Cells Are Microscopic Effect of Cell Size on Surface Area Scanning & Transmission Electron Microscopes Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments Human cells have three basic parts: Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles Nucleus—control center NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Chromosomes Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Centriole Ribosomes Peroxisome CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion NUCLEUS: Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Chromosome Ribosomes Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus CYTOSKELETON: Central vacuole Microtubule Chloroplast Cell wall Intermediate filament Plasmodesmata Microfilament Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall of adjacent cell Plasma Membrane Bimolecular layer of lipids and proteins Constantly changing Dynamic role in cellular activity Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF) Outside cell Inside cell The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center Contains chromatin, a complex of proteins and DNA Genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins Bound by a nuclear envelope with pores Contains a nucleolus, darkstaining spherical bodies w/in nucleus (ribosome assembly) The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory Interconnected tubes & parallel membranes (cisternae) Continuous with nuclear membrane Two varieties: Rough ER-external surface studded with ribosomes Ribosomes are the platform for protein synthesis Smooth ER-lacks ribosomes; functions in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs, synthesis of steroid sex hormones Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) Digest unwanted material for the cell Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food Double-membrane structure with shelflike cristae and its own DNA Provide most of cell’s ATP Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy Chloroplasts: plant organelles ; site of photosynthesis Found in: All green parts of a plant; leaves are main site of photosynthesis Contain: green pigment chlorophyll involved in photosynthesis Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products Stacked and Rough ER flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) Phagosome ER membrane Plasma membrane Protein processing Vesicle becomes lysosome Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicle Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol Microtubules (hollow) Microfilaments (solid) Intermediate filaments (solid) Nucleus Nucleus Actin subunit 10 nm 7 nm Microfilament Tubulin subunit Fibrous subunits 25 nm Intermediate filament Microtubule Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend Cilia and flagella Flagella - whiplike, tails that move entire cell Cilia -short, hairlike structures that move substances across cell surfaces Membrane Junctions Three types: Tight junctions- Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells Desmosomes- Rivets” or “spot-welds” that anchor cells together Gap junctions-Transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell For spread of ions between cardiac or smooth muscle cells Tight junctions Anchoring junction Gap junctions Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix