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How do Molecules form Living, Moving, Reproducing Cells?
1683, Leeuwenhoek: “An unbelievably great company of living animalcules,
a-swimming more nimbly than any I had ever seen up to this time. The biggest sort
bent their body into curves in going forwards."
1988, Francis Crick: “Every living cell and every biological macromolecule is the end
result of natural selection, which had acted over billions of generations to produce
complexity from ordinary physics and chemistry”
Molecular Hierarchy of the Cell
DNA
→
Proteins
(Enzymes and Motors)
→
Protein Assemblies
(Cytoskeletal Filaments)
Moving Parts: Motor Proteins on Polymer Tracks
Cellular Machines based on MTs and motors
The Cilium
The Mitotic Spindle
“The Cell as a Collection of Protein Machines:
Preparing the Next Generation of Molecular Biologists”.
(Alberts, B (1998) Cell 92: 291).
Protein Machine
Motor
Replication Machinery
Helicase
Transcription Machinery
RNA polymerase
Mitochondrial ATP synthase
F1F0 ATPase
Bacterial Flagellum
Flagellar rotary motor
Muscle Sarcomere
Myosin-2
Lamellipodium
Dendritic Actin Network
Cilium
MT motors
Mitotic Spindle
MTs and mitotic motors
Assembly and Function? Biochemistry, Genetics, Microscopy, Quantitative Modeling.
Bacterial (prokaryotic) Cells.
Locomoting Eukaryotic Cells.
Mechanism of Eukaryotic Cell Locomotion.
Scanning E.M. of the leading edge.
E.M. of Actin Filaments in the Leading Edge.
Ribbon Diagram of Atomic Structure of Actin.
Structure of Actin Filaments – helical symmetry.
Actin Filament Assembly and Force Production.
Actin filament polymerization drives Listeria Motility.
Listeria Motility
Julie Theriot
Stanford University Medical School
Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction; Mitosis and Cell Division.
Mitosis studied in the Drosophila melanogaster
Syncytial Embryo
Sullivan Lab
GFP-tubulin; histone-RFP;
480 seconds total time
(Ingrid Brust-Mascher)
MOTOR PROTEINS AND MICROTUBULE-BASED MACHINES.
Mitosis in Drosophila Embryos.
Mechanism of Mitosis.
Metaphase
Anaphase A
Anaphase B
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells.