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Transcript
THE CELL Introduction to Cell History Robert Hooke – 1665 Observed slices of cork Coined word “cell” Anton van Leeuwenhoek - 1673 First to observe living cells (algae) “animalcules” 1821-1902 Schleiden – plants Schwann – animals Virchow – cell reproduction Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. All living things are made of one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms All cells arise from existing cells Why are cells important? Gas Exchange Eat Make energy (ATP) Build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids Remove wastes Maintain homeostasis Reproduce Cell Size Can’t be seen with the naked eye Human body = ~100 trillion cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7kZjdeo0Cs http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm Cell Size Activity Why so small?! A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume The microscopic size of most cells ensures a sufficient surface area Across which nutrients and wastes can move to service the cell volume 10 m 30 m Surface area of one large cube 5,400 m2 30 m 10 m Total surface area of 27 small cubes 16,200 m2 Intro Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8 Cell Types Prokaryotic – single celled organisms that lack a nucleus Eukaryotic – cells with a nucleus and internal compartments micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns Common Features Cytoskeleton Prokaryotic cells Simple, single-celled organisms All have cell walls Many have flagella or pili Some have capsules Ribosomes Ex. Bacteria Prokaryotic flagella Capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane DNA Pili Eukaryotic cells Nucleus Organelles – differentiated structures within the cell Complex, multicellular organisms Cell Membrane Functions: Selectively permeable – regulates what goes in and out of cell Protection Controls the internal environment Provides shape Structure: Phospholipid bilayer Transport proteins Cell Membrane (cont.) Fatty acid tails Hydrophobic – water fearing Phosphate head Hydrophilic – water loving Fluid Mosaic Model Transport Passive Transport: particles pass across the cell membrane freely Active Transport: particles cross the cell membrane with the use of energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufCiGz75DA k Diffusion Concentration: the amount of a particular substance in a given volume. Substances naturally move from a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Equilibrium: is reached when a space is filled evenly Osmosis When water is diffused across the cell membrane It is important for a cell to maintain water balance as their environment changes Solution Types Hypotonic – less molecules outside cell Isotonic – equal molecules on both sides of the membrane Hypertonic – more molecules outside cell Lower concentration of solute Solute molecule Equal concentration of solute Higher concentration of solute H2O Selectively permeable membrane Water molecule Solute molecule with cluster of water molecules Net flow of water Isotonic solution H2O Hypotonic solution H2O H2O Hypertonic solution H2O Animal cell H2O Plant cell H2O H2O H2O Cytoplasm The area between the nucleus and plasma membrane Holds organelles Cytosol – fluid between the organelles Ribosomes Protein synthesis read instructions to build proteins from DNA Found in all organisms! EUKARYOTIC CELL PARTS Review Ribosomes Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Nucleus Function: Directs activities of the cell Protects genetic information (DNA) Controls the cell's growth and reproduction. Parts: Nuclear Envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear Pores Compartmentalize Organelle - differentiated structures within the cell Advantage: Allows the cell to accomplish more metabolic processes Incompatible activities can happen at the same time Endoplasmic Reticulum “network within the cell” 2 parts Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Embedded with ribosomes Synthesizes and modifies proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum cont. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Embedded with enzymes Synthesizes lipids Processes toxins and drugs in liver cells Stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells Vesicles Used for transportation within the cell Buds off of ER and Golgi Body Golgi Apparatus Modifies, packages, and ships cell products that come from the ER or ribosomes Lysosomes & Peroxisomes Lysosomes Contains digestive enzymes to break down nutrients, bacteria, and wastes Not present in most plant cells Peroxisomes Breakdown Hydroxide (H202) by-product Rough ER 1 Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle 2 Engulfment of particle “Food” Lysosomes 3 Food vacuole 4 5 Digestion Mitochondria Location for cellular respiration Converts the chemical energy of foods into ATP Double membrane layer Cytoskeleton The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities A network of protein fibers Tubulin subunit Actin subunit Fibrous subunits 25 nm 10 nm 7 nm Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule Centrioles Main function is to produce and organize the cytoskeleton during cell reproduction Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell Wall rigid boundary made largely of cellulose for support and environmental resistance Not in animal cells Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Central Vacuole Main function: Store water Contains enzymes – equivalent to animal lysosomes Holds pigments for flower color Nucleus Chloroplast Central vacuole Colorized TEM 8,700 Chloroplast Converts light energy into chemical energy Only in plants and some protists Chlorophyll = green pigment Not in animal cells Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Flagellum Not in most plant cells Lysosome Ribosomes Centriole Peroxisome Microtubule Cytoskeleton Intermediate filament Microfilament Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion